The growth of bacteria normally used to produce yoghurt was compared in soymilk and cow milk. Whether or not Bifidobnc&ium ssp. was present, fermented soymilks [soyoghurt (S), soyoghurt f bifidobacteria (SB)] were less acidic than fermented cow milks [yoghurt (Y), yoghurt + bifidobacteria (YB)]. When bifidobacteria were present (in SB), streptococci were more numerous than lactobacilli. Bifidobacteria in YB stimulated maximal growth of both yoghurt bacteria. In comparison to nonfermented milks, acetaldehyde and diacetyl increased in all cultures. Ethanol increased only in S/SB and acetone was detected only in Y/YB. Quantities of volatile products in Y/'YB were slightly lower than those in Y/S. In all cultures, n-hexanal was almost totally absent.

ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik Carry-over Rate (COR) aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pakan menjadi aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) susu pada sapi Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) yang mendapatkan pakan terkontaminasi secara alami oleh AFB1 serta inklusi bentonit alam sebagai adsorben. Rancangan penelitian bujur sangkar Latin 4x4 dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap peubah konsentrasi AFM1 susu, COR, konsumsi nutrien, produksi susu dan komposisi susu. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa AFM1 telah dieksresikan pada sampel pemerahan pertama atau sekitar 10 jam setelah ternak mengkonsumsi pakan mengandung AFB1. Ekskresi AFM1 susu pada konsentrasi yang konstan teramati sejak hari pertama periode perlakuan dan cemaran AFM1 masih ditemukan hingga hari ke 5 setelah ternak tidak mendapatkan perlakuan. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai COR sebesar 0,1%. Konsentrasi AFM1 sangat dipengaruhi (P<0,01) oleh perlakuan, meskipun demikian tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai COR, konsumsi nutrien, serta produksi dan komposisi susu. Disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi AFM1 susu dipengaruhi oleh tingkat konsumsi AFB1 pakan dan COR pada sapi PFH lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai COR yang dilaporkan oleh peneliti sebelumnya untuk sapi perah di daerah sub tropis.Kata kunci: Aflatoksin B1, aflatoksin M1, carry-over rate aflatoxin, pakan tercemar AFB1 ABSTRACTHigh occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in feed stuffs implicates for a long time experience of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure to dairy cattle in Indonesia. A latin square 4X4 research design was adopted to study the characteristic of AFB1 carry-over rate (COR) of Indonesian crossbred Friesian Holstein (PFH) as effects of inclusions of AFB1-naturally contaminated feed and bentonite in the diet. Results showed a rapid aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in the milk, detected in the first milking sample or 10 hours after AFB1 ingestion. The steady state of AFM1 concentration observed since the first day of treatment period and AFM1 contamination was still detected until 5 days after AFB1 removed from the diet. The COR in this study was observed 0.1%. AFM1 concentration was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by treatments. However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of levels of AFB1 and bentonite inclusions on the COR, nutrients intake, milk production, and milk composition. IIt is concluded that AFM1 concentration was influenced by AFB1 intake and that transfer of AFB1-feed into AFM1-milk (COR) in PFH cow was lower compare to reported COR value for dairy cow in sub tropical region.

No abstract

Susu kambing memiliki komponen protein salah satunya protein β dan secara umum terjadi polimorfisme pada level protein. Perubahan urutan asam amino akibat polimorfisme memungkinkan adanya potensi dihasilkannya peptida bioaktif penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin (ACEi). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyaring peptida bioaktif yang berpotensi sebagai ACEi dari kasein β kambing beserta polimorfismenya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan teknik in silico terhadap sekuen kasein β kambing serta struktur tiga dimensi human testicular ACE. Langkah yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini meliputi simulasi pemotongan peptida dengan enzim pencernaan (pepsin, tripsin dan kimotripsin), peninjauan karakteristik peptida lalu simulasi docking ligan-reseptor. Tampilan parameter Lipinski’s Rule of Five (Ro5), bioaktivitas dan energi afinitas dipertimbangkan untuk memilih peptida bioaktif. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan peptida bioaktif yakni INK (Ile-Asp-Lys) yang memiliki kemampuan hampir setara dengan lisinopril (afinitas energi -8,2kkal/mol vs. -8,3kkal/mol). Peptida INK dapat ditemukan dari hasil hidrolisis dari alel A, C, D dan E, sehingga polimorfisme tidak menyebabkan perbedaan produksi peptida bioaktif. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil yakni kasein β susu kambing jika dicerna dengan enzim pencernaan dapat menghasilkan peptida bioaktif ACEi yakni INK.Identification of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-inhibitor (ACEi) Bioactive Peptide from Goat Milk β-Casein with It's Polymorphism by In Silico TechniqueAbstractPolymorphism eventually may be occurred at the protein level. Changes in the amino acid sequence due to polymorphism may exhibit a potential action to generate of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) bioactive peptide. This study is aimed to assess bioactive peptides that have a great potent value as ACEi from goat β casein along with its polymorphism. The research was done by in silico technique on goat β-casein sequence and three-dimensional structure human testicular ACE. Peptide-cutting simulations with digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin), peptide properties review, then ligand-receptor docking simulations was applied in this research. Appearance of Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5), bioactivity and affinity energy were considered for selecting bioactive peptides. The results show that bioactive peptide found as INK (Ile-Asp-Lys) which had similar ability as lisinopril (energy affinity –8.2kcal/mol vs. –8.3kcal/mol). The INK peptides could be found from the hydrolysis resulted in alleles A, C, D and E, therefore polymorphism did not affect the differences of production of bioactive peptides. A conclusion, processed goat milk β casein with digestive enzymes could produce ACEi of INK as bioactive peptide.

INTISARIPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi daun katu terhadap produksi dan komposisi susu kambing Peranakan Ettawa periode awal laktasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kandang kelompok peternakan kambing perah yang berlokasi di Dusun Kemirikebo, Girikerto, Turi, Sleman selama 2 bulan mulai tanggal 27 Juni sampai 27 Agustus 2009. Penelitian ini menggunakan 8 ekor kambing PE pada awal laktasi dengan bobot badan 36 sampai dengan 55 kg yang dibagi dalam dua perlakuan dan empat ulangan. Pakan basal yang diberikan 90% hijauan (kaliandara) serta 10% konsentrat (wheat bran). Kelompok ternak yang diujikan adalah kontrol yaitu tanpa suplementasi daun katu dan perlakuan dengan suplementasi daun katu sebanyak 0,06% dari bobot badan. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan metode T-Test. Parameter yang diamati adalah konsumsi pakan, produksi susu, komposisi kolostrum dan komposisi susu kambing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi daun katu dapat meningkatkan komposisi kolostrum yaitu protein kolostrum kambing Peranakan Ettawa secara nyata namun tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap konsumsi pakan, produksi susu dan komposisi susu.(Kata kunci: Kambing Peranakan Ettawa, Daun katu, Produksi dan komposisi susu) ABSTRACTThis experiment was aimed to evaluate the effect of katu leaves as feed supplement on milk production and milk composition of Ettawa Crossbred goat during early lactation. The experiment was conducted in the village of Kemiri kebo, Girikerto, Turi, Sleman started from June, 27 until August, 27 2009. The experiment used 8 pregnant goats weighing 36 to 55 kg. The goats were divided into 2 treatments, those were control and treatment groups. The goats in control group received basal feed as much as 10% dry matter of body weight, consisted of calliandra and concentrates with a ratio of 9 to 1 respectively. The treated goats were fed with the same basal feed as those in the control group and supplemented with katu leaves at 0,06% of bodyweight. The examination was conducted to collect data on feed intake, milk production, composition of colostrum and milk. Data were statistically analyzed with T-test. The result showed that katu leaves supplementation as much as 0,06% of body weight was able to increase protein level of colostrum significantly but had no significant effect on feed intake, milk production, and milk composition.(