Increasing demand in developing countries for animal sources of food including red meat is predicted to double by 2050. In Indonesia, there has always been a gap between supply and demand of beef with national beef production only satisfying about 45% of demand. This paper aims to describe the current features and prospects for beef production systems in Indonesia. The first part of the article reviews and analyses Indonesian beef cattle production systems. The second part addresses issues related to the current systems for beef production that could become important for future development of the beef industry in Indonesia. Recommendations to improve breeding and reproduction, to empower smallholder farmers, to improve the capacity of industry-related institutions to enhance technology transfer, and to develop systems for industry development such as integration of palm oil or plantations with beef cattle production are briefly discussed.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik Carry-over Rate (COR) aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pakan menjadi aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) susu pada sapi Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) yang mendapatkan pakan terkontaminasi secara alami oleh AFB1 serta inklusi bentonit alam sebagai adsorben. Rancangan penelitian bujur sangkar Latin 4x4 dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap peubah konsentrasi AFM1 susu, COR, konsumsi nutrien, produksi susu dan komposisi susu. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa AFM1 telah dieksresikan pada sampel pemerahan pertama atau sekitar 10 jam setelah ternak mengkonsumsi pakan mengandung AFB1. Ekskresi AFM1 susu pada konsentrasi yang konstan teramati sejak hari pertama periode perlakuan dan cemaran AFM1 masih ditemukan hingga hari ke 5 setelah ternak tidak mendapatkan perlakuan. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai COR sebesar 0,1%. Konsentrasi AFM1 sangat dipengaruhi (P<0,01) oleh perlakuan, meskipun demikian tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai COR, konsumsi nutrien, serta produksi dan komposisi susu. Disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi AFM1 susu dipengaruhi oleh tingkat konsumsi AFB1 pakan dan COR pada sapi PFH lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai COR yang dilaporkan oleh peneliti sebelumnya untuk sapi perah di daerah sub tropis.Kata kunci: Aflatoksin B1, aflatoksin M1, carry-over rate aflatoxin, pakan tercemar AFB1 ABSTRACTHigh occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in feed stuffs implicates for a long time experience of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure to dairy cattle in Indonesia. A latin square 4X4 research design was adopted to study the characteristic of AFB1 carry-over rate (COR) of Indonesian crossbred Friesian Holstein (PFH) as effects of inclusions of AFB1-naturally contaminated feed and bentonite in the diet. Results showed a rapid aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in the milk, detected in the first milking sample or 10 hours after AFB1 ingestion. The steady state of AFM1 concentration observed since the first day of treatment period and AFM1 contamination was still detected until 5 days after AFB1 removed from the diet. The COR in this study was observed 0.1%. AFM1 concentration was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by treatments. However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of levels of AFB1 and bentonite inclusions on the COR, nutrients intake, milk production, and milk composition. IIt is concluded that AFM1 concentration was influenced by AFB1 intake and that transfer of AFB1-feed into AFM1-milk (COR) in PFH cow was lower compare to reported COR value for dairy cow in sub tropical region.

Abstract. Agussalim, Umami N, Nurliyani, Agus A. 2021. The physicochemical composition of honey from Indonesian stingless bee (Tetragonula laeviceps). Biodiversitas 22: 3257-3263. The demand of honey has recently increased significantly, but this situation is widely used by irresponsible humans who made a fake honey. This present study aims to evaluate the quality based on the physicochemical composition of honey from Indonesian stingless bee Tetragonula laeviceps. Honey was obtained from three geographical origins in Indonesia, i.e. Sleman, Gunungkidul, and Lombok. The physicochemical composition of honey was analyzed such as moisture, ash, protein, pH, glucose/moisture ratio, and electrical conductivity, and amino acids. The results showed that the geographical origins had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on moisture, pH, and significant effect (P<0.05) on ash, electrical conductivity, protein, and glucose/moisture ratio. Honey from Indonesian stingless bee T. laeviceps was found 17 amino acids were arginine, histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, valine, threonine, tyrosine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, glycine, and cysteine. The dominant amino acids of honey from Sleman were glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, and arginine. Honey from Lombok were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, and histidine. Furthermore, honey from Gunungkidul were lysine, arginine, histidine, and phenylalanine. Honey from Sleman and Lombok have the best quality than honey from Gunungkidul based on the chemical composition and amino acids profile.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physicochemical properties of honey produced by the Indonesian stingless bee: Tetragonula laeviceps. Sample of honey was obtained from three meliponiculture origins: Faculty of Animal Science Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Gunungkidul (Yogyakarta) and Klaten (Central Java) and analysed for physical (flavour) and chemical properties including water content, dry matter (DM), ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, and organic matter. The electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by the equation of EC = 0.14 + 1.74 A (A = ash content). Data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance followed by honestly significant difference test. The results showed that the flavour of honey from the Faculty of Animal Science UGM and Klaten were sweet and those from Gunungkidul were bitter. The results showed that the geographical origins had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on water content, protein, DM and carbohydrate. Furthermore, geographical origins had a significant difference (P<0.05) on ash, organic matter, and EC, but not on fat (P>0.05). There was great variability in the composition of honey across different geographical origins. Thus, the chemical properties of honey from the Faculty of Animal Science UGM and Klaten were higher than honey from Gunungkidul.