ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik Carry-over Rate (COR) aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pakan menjadi aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) susu pada sapi Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) yang mendapatkan pakan terkontaminasi secara alami oleh AFB1 serta inklusi bentonit alam sebagai adsorben. Rancangan penelitian bujur sangkar Latin 4x4 dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap peubah konsentrasi AFM1 susu, COR, konsumsi nutrien, produksi susu dan komposisi susu. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa AFM1 telah dieksresikan pada sampel pemerahan pertama atau sekitar 10 jam setelah ternak mengkonsumsi pakan mengandung AFB1. Ekskresi AFM1 susu pada konsentrasi yang konstan teramati sejak hari pertama periode perlakuan dan cemaran AFM1 masih ditemukan hingga hari ke 5 setelah ternak tidak mendapatkan perlakuan. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai COR sebesar 0,1%. Konsentrasi AFM1 sangat dipengaruhi (P<0,01) oleh perlakuan, meskipun demikian tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai COR, konsumsi nutrien, serta produksi dan komposisi susu. Disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi AFM1 susu dipengaruhi oleh tingkat konsumsi AFB1 pakan dan COR pada sapi PFH lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai COR yang dilaporkan oleh peneliti sebelumnya untuk sapi perah di daerah sub tropis.Kata kunci: Aflatoksin B1, aflatoksin M1, carry-over rate aflatoxin, pakan tercemar AFB1 ABSTRACTHigh occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in feed stuffs implicates for a long time experience of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure to dairy cattle in Indonesia. A latin square 4X4 research design was adopted to study the characteristic of AFB1 carry-over rate (COR) of Indonesian crossbred Friesian Holstein (PFH) as effects of inclusions of AFB1-naturally contaminated feed and bentonite in the diet. Results showed a rapid aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in the milk, detected in the first milking sample or 10 hours after AFB1 ingestion. The steady state of AFM1 concentration observed since the first day of treatment period and AFM1 contamination was still detected until 5 days after AFB1 removed from the diet. The COR in this study was observed 0.1%. AFM1 concentration was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by treatments. However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of levels of AFB1 and bentonite inclusions on the COR, nutrients intake, milk production, and milk composition. IIt is concluded that AFM1 concentration was influenced by AFB1 intake and that transfer of AFB1-feed into AFM1-milk (COR) in PFH cow was lower compare to reported COR value for dairy cow in sub tropical region.

This paper reviews the literature relevant to the breeding of cattle grazed in tropical environments and particularly Indonesia. The aim is to identify new breeding opportunities for cattle owned by Indonesia’s smallholder farmers, whilst also conserving unique local cattle beef breeds. Crossbreeding has been practiced extensively in Indonesia, but to date there have been no well-designed programs, resulting in many mixed-breed animals and no ability to determine their genetic composition, productive capabilities or adaptation to environmental stressors. An example of within-breed selection of Bali cattle based on measured live weight has similarly disregarded other productive and adaptive traits. It is unlikely that smallholder farmers could manage effective crossbreeding programs due to the complexities of management required. However, a tropically adapted composite breed(s) could perhaps be developed and improved using within-breed selection. Establishing reference population(s) of local breeds or composites and using within-breed selection to genetically improve those herds may be feasible, particularly if international collaborations can be established to allow data-pooling across countries. The use of genomic information and a strong focus on all economically important traits in practical breeding objectives is critical to enable genetic improvement and conservation of unique Indonesian cattle breeds.

Swamp buffalo has been an integral component of society in the swamp area in South Kalimantan. The system is characterized by 2-5 farmers rearing herds semi intensively in one shared kalang, a traditional wooden shelter on swamp area. This study was aimed to determine the reproductive characteristics of female swamp buffalo under kalang systems in Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency, The Province of South Kalimantan. The data of reproductive characteristics and farming systems were collected through interviewing 21 farmers in 4 kalang groups who kept 351 buffaloes (153 of them were females). The observed parameters were average of productive females ages, age at first mating, calving interval, post-partum estrus (PPE), percentages of pregnant and lactating cows. Results showed that the average of productive female buffalo ages was 9.9 ± 0.99 years; female swamp buffaloes were first mating at 51.4 months; first calving at 63.4 months; calving interval was 16.5±0.70 months; PPE was 4.9±0.64 month; gestating and lactating cows were 21.6% and 60.1%, of the productive female population, respectively. We concluded reproductive characteristics of female swamp buffalo under kalang production systems can be enhanced through improvements of the production system, including pre-weaning calf management, feed supplementation, and health care practices.

No abstract

The Government of Indonesia has been promoting crop and cattle integration in several provinces to increase local cattle supply and reduce the reliance on imports. Tanah Laut district in South Kalimantan was one of those sites selected. Despite being the major cattle producer, more than 50% of beef demand in Tanah Laut district is met by imported frozen beef, and live cattle imports from interisland. This paper examined how the farming systems in Tanah Laut, including cattle production, have been shaped by technical, agro-climatic, socioeconomic and institutional factors. The main method used is informant interviews with farmer group leaders. Key results are: cattle is the main source of income; the cattle distribution program provided the initial breeding stock, but inadequate technical and extension support and inconsistent development programs have resulted in slow cattle population growth; Javanese and Balinese migrants were more inclined to adopt new technology; and women are involved in various farming activities, but their contribution is not acknowledged. The implication is that better understanding of farming systems and underlying socioeconomic and institutional factors is necessary for better development policies to increase local beef supply, as well as facilitating adoption and scaling out of improved technology.