A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects

Angione, Sara; McClenaghan, Heather; LaPlante, Ashley

doi:10.18192/riss-ijhs.v2i1.1526

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…All of these chemicals seem to react with the electron-rich aromatic ring of the side chain of tyrosine presumably in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in ortho positions to the hydroxyl group. The finding of the chlorotyrosine derivatives in bleach samples is consistent with results of other studies. , Similarly, the detection of the chlorotyrosines in the sulfuryl chloride sample is in accordance with many literature protocols, where this chemical is used for electrophilic aromatic chlorination of tyrosine derivatives. , Since the water of many swimming pools is disinfected using Cl 2 or other chlorinating agents, hair samples of a frequent swimmer were additionally analyzed with the same method . The chlorotyrosines were not observed in a significant amount from the swimmer’s hair samples (Figure S11).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“… 45 , 46 Since the water of many swimming pools is disinfected using Cl 2 or other chlorinating agents, hair samples of a frequent swimmer were additionally analyzed with the same method. 47 The chlorotyrosines were not observed in a significant amount from the swimmer’s hair samples ( Figure S11 ). The chlorine concentration therefore presumably appears to be too low to be able to form chlorotyrosines to any significant extent.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure

et al. 2022

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Chlorine, as a dual-use chemical, is an essential industrial chemical which has been used as a chemical weapon in the past due to its toxicity and availability. The retrospective verification of chlorine intoxication is often especially challenging, and unambiguous markers are still missing. In this study, the effects of different chlorinating and oxidizing agents on human hair were investigated. Samples were exposed to a variety of chlorinating chemicals for a short time and then completely hydrolyzed by a HBr solution to break down their keratin proteins into individual amino acids. After derivatization and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5dichlorotyrosine were unambiguously identified from human hair exposed to chlorine, hypochlorite, and sulfuryl chloride. Our results show long-term stability of these markers in the biological matrix, as the chlorotyrosines can still be found 10 months post-exposure at the same levels. Finally, an untargeted analysis was able to discriminate between some of the different intoxicants.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure

et al. 2022

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“…In conclusion, it seems that children, elite swimmers and employees of indoor swimming pools are more prone to developing respiratory conditions, such as bronchial hyperreactivity, asthma and rhinitis, due to their increased exposure to chlorine [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of chlorinated water on the development of allergic diseases – An overview

Kanikowska

Napiórkowska-Baran

Graczyk³

et al. 2018

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Indoor swimming pools can be used all year round and serve for one of the most popular sport pursued for recreation The positive effect of swimming arises in particular from the involvement of all the muscles of the body, decreasing the burden on the joints, as well as functional improvement of both the lungs and heart. Chlorine is typically used to disinfect swimming pool water and as a result the changes that take place lead to the formation of by-products, such as monochloramines (NH 2 Cl), dichloramines (NH 2 Cl 2) i trichloramines (NH 2 Cl 3), trihalogenometans (THM) or haloacetic acid (HAA). The highest concentration of these substances is just above the water surface and they may cause irritation of skin, eyes and mucosa of the respiratory tract. The toxic effect of high chlorine concentration and its side-products on the respiratory system is known, but the effect of low concentrations of these compounds is still not fully determined. Recent studies suggest that development of allergic diseases among swimmers may be increased by epithelial disorders driven by airway barrier dysfunction caused by chlorine irritation. Swimming in chlorinated water may be linked to symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity, asthma and rhinitis especially in children, elite swimmers and employees of indoor swimming pools. Hypersensivity pneumonitis related to the use of swimming pools may manifest as a swimming pool or sauna user lung, most commonly caused by water polluting pathogens. The article summarizes recent data concerning the influence of chlorinated water on the development of allergic diseases.

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“…It should be noted, however, that in addition to describing the benefits of water exercises the literature provides evidence that physical activity in a swimming pool may have negative effects too. For instance, long and frequent exposure to chlorinated water may lead to the development of upper and lower respiratory symptoms such as asthma (Angione, McClenaghan, LaPlante, 2010;Bernard, Nickmilder, Voisin, 2008;Bougault, Turmel, Levesque, Boulet, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Aqua Aerobics on Selected Somatic, Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Parameters in Postmenopausal Women

Kantyka

Herman

Roczniok

2017

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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The world's population is aging. Aquatic exercises can improve the physical function in humans and raise the quality of their lives in middle and older age. The study aimed to determine the effect of aqua aerobics on the selected somatic, physiological and aerobic capacity parameters in postmenopausal women. 11 purposively selected women that were confirmed overweight or obese by 20% and had Body Mass Index of 30 ±5 (the first stage of obesity) took part in aqua aerobics classes three times a week for 14 weeks. Their mean age was 56.18 ±3.19 years and mean height was 166.5 ±7.41 cm. The value of LBM and muscle mass (p = 0.04 in both cases) were statistically significantly higher at study end compared with their baseline values, likewise haemoglobin concentration (p = 0.001), haematocrit (p = 0.03) and blood cell count (p = 0.01), whereas BMI (p = 0.02) and percentage body fat (p = 0.04) were significantly lower. The lactate analysis revealed significant changes in LA max (p = 0.04), LAres9' (p = 0.02), Delta LAmax-LAsp (p = 0.02) and Delta LAres9'-LAres3' (p = 0.0004). After 14 weeks of aqua aerobic workout, significant changes were noted in the selected somatic, morphological and aerobic capacity parameters in postmenopausal women, but the differences between the lipid profiles were insignificant.

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A Review of Chlorine in Indoor Swimming Pools and its Increased Risk of Adverse Health Effects

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure

Influence of Chlorinating Agents on the Formation of Stable Biomarkers in Hair for the Retrospective Verification of Exposure

Influence of chlorinated water on the development of allergic diseases – An overview

Effect of Aqua Aerobics on Selected Somatic, Physiological and Aerobic Capacity Parameters in Postmenopausal Women

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