A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives

Ali, Imdad; Li, Xudong; Chen, Xiaoqing; Jiao, Zhiwei; Pervaiz, Mohammad; Yang, Weimin; Li, Haoyi; Sain, Mohini

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.109852

Cited by 36 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…In Figure 6(a), it has been depicted that the displacement of PVC/Cl‐1, PVC/Cl‐2, PVC/F‐3, and PVC/F‐4 were recorded as 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.16 mm at an applied voltage of 1000 V. At the same applied voltage, the PVC/IL‐4 was deformed to a maximum of 0.16 mm and reacted quickly in 0.2 s. This high deformation and response time of PVC/F‐4 is due to phosphorous fluoride [PF 6 ]. This deformation occurred due to the Maxwell stress effect and is attributed to the fact that the plasticizer DBA molecules were charged under applied voltage and polarized DBA easily facilitated the free dipole reorientation of the PVC chains from PVC gel network 26,27 . Whenever the voltage was applied, the negative charges of cathode passed from gels moved and toward the anode and caused contraction deformation this mechanism is shown in Scheme S1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This deformation occurred due to the Maxwell stress effect and is attributed to the fact that the plasticizer DBA molecules were charged under applied voltage and polarized DBA easily facilitated the free dipole reorientation of the PVC chains from PVC gel network. 26,27 Whenever the voltage was applied, the negative charges of cathode passed from gels moved and toward the anode and caused contraction deformation this mechanism is shown in Scheme S1. However, the high deformation and fast response signified that there were strong interactions among PVC, DBA, and IL.…”

Section: Displacement and Response Time Of Plasticized Pvc Gel And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, soft stimulated materials that can convert electrical energy into mechanical work have been shown to be promising for various applications such as robotics, actuators, artificial muscles, and medical devices 1–3 . These devices based on smart polymer gels have a high actuation degree under the applied voltage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic liquids enhanced performance of PVC gels actuator

Ali

Latif

Hussain

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Stimulated devices are highly demanded for actuators and artificial muscles in the recent era but susceptible to low deformation at an applied voltage. In the present work, ionic liquids (ILs) based gel films were prepared from the polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dibutyl adipate (DBA), 1-butyl, 3-methimidazolium chloride, and 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate by a simple solvent evaporation method. The structural, morphological, optical, and mechanical properties of the composite PVC/ILs gel were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Large Angle X-ray scattering (LAXS), UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron micrpscopy (SEM) and elemental mapping. We found that the displacement of plasticized PVC gels-based actuator was 0.1 mm with the response time of 0.33 s at an induced voltage of 1000 V. The loading of 0.02% of IL (fluorides) with PVC gel showed maximum deformation of 0.16 mm with a relatively rapid response time of 0.2 s. These high deformation and response time values of IL fluoride-based gels are dramatically higher than reported PVC gels. Likewise, the loading of IL fluorides in the PVC gel showed a high elongation value at the break of about 377%. This work suggests that the flexible gel based on IL fluorides and PVC could be a potential candidate for the fabrication of highperformance artificial muscles and tunable soft actuators.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Displacement and Response Time Of Plasticized Pvc Gel And mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ionic liquids enhanced performance of PVC gels actuator

Ali

Latif

Hussain

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Over the last few years, soft stimulated materials which are mechanically responsive toelectric fields have been widely studied as promising materials for various applications such as micro‐electromechanical systems, artificial muscles, medical implants, actuators, and robotics 1–3 . Particularly, soft electro‐stimulated materials fabricated from electroactive polymers (EAPs) have shown remarkable mechanical motion when energized with electrical energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly electro‐responsive composite gel based on functionally tuned graphene filled polyvinyl chloride

Ali

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Electroresponsive devices have attended significant interest for actuators and artificial muscles in recent days but are susceptible to low deformation at applied voltages. To address this problem, herein, we have prepared novel flexible composite gel based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), dibutyl adipate (DBA), and functionalized reduced graphene oxide (f‐rGO) via solution casting technique. The structural, morphological, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the composite PVC/f‐rGO gel were characterized by using various techniques. In order to test the usefulness of PVC/f‐rGO, we fabricated the new planar PVC/f‐rGO‐based gel actuator, by holding the gel between two electrodes. Stimuli‐responsive deformation of ~2.7 mm was measured at a voltage of 1200 V for an optimized gel in the designed device. The loading of silane‐f‐rGO greatly enhanced the stimulation, response time and flexibility of the PVC gel. The highest elongation at break of about 433% was achieved for f‐rGO‐loaded PVC gel owing to strong dipole–diploe interactions between alpha hydrogen of PVC and ‐NH2 of f‐rGO. We believe that highly electro‐stimulated, soft and, flexible PVC/f‐rGO gels could open a new avenue for the fabrication of advanced artificial muscles and tunable soft actuators for number of applications.

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“…Recently, the application of hydrogels in electrical fields has become more attractive as the stimuli used to trigger hydrogel's characteristics can be applied in a non-invasive, timely, and spatial manner [9]. Electrical activity occurs in different types of human complexes such in neural, muscle, or endocrine complexes, and their artificial systems [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of direct electric field on PMCG-alginate-based microcapsule

et al. 2021

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In this study, the influence of direct electric current on a microcapsule was investigated. The microcapsule consisted of a core from a calcium ion and sodium alginate (SA) complex and the microcapsule membrane was formed by the polyionic complexation of poly(methylene-co-guanidine) (PMCG) and cellulose sulfate (CS). Microcapsules showed swelling and decreasing mechanical properties under the applied electric current, and the microcapsule membrane showed anisotropic swelling on the electrode side. The effect is attributed to an electrokinetic phenomenon, predominant formation of hydroxyl ions, and the diffusion of hydrated ions. The swelling degree of the microcapsule and microcapsule membrane at different pH and the applied electric current under alkali and acidic conditions was investigated. The swelling degree was influenced by the dissociation of the membrane, which was observed after applying the electric field, which was caused by the electrokinetic effect and the neutralization of the polycation (under alkali conditions) or polyanionic (under acidic conditions) segment during membrane formation.

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A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives

Cited by 36 publications

References 142 publications

Ionic liquids enhanced performance of PVC gels actuator

Ionic liquids enhanced performance of PVC gels actuator

Highly electro‐responsive composite gel based on functionally tuned graphene filled polyvinyl chloride

Influence of direct electric field on PMCG-alginate-based microcapsule

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