A Review of Modelling and Simulation Methods for Flashover Prediction in Confined Space Fires

Cortés, Daniel; Gil, David; Molina‐Azorín, José F.; Vandecasteele, Florian; Verstockt, Steven

doi:10.3390/app10165609

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Због сталне потенцијалне опасности од настанка фле шо вера и угрожавања живота ватрогасаца, последњих деценија многи ис тра живачи су, користећи различите технике моделирања и си-му лације, испитивали феномен флешовера код пожара у зат во реном простору (Cortés et al, 2020). Користећи вештачке неуронске мре же, Ли и сарадници (Lee et al, 2006) У циљу адекватног реаговања и заштите ватрогасаца у случају појаве флешовера приликом интервенције гашења пожара у грађевинским објектима, у пракси се спроводи њихова обука у специјалним контејнерима (DIN 14097-1: 2018).…”

Section: уводunclassified

Safety of firefighters-rescuers during training in flashover container: A numerical study

Pešić¹,

Zigar²,

Blagojević³

2022

Bezbednost, Beograd

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Extinguishing of fire is a responsible and risky job that requires knowledge, skill and mental stability from the firefighter. These facts especially refer to the localization and extinguishing of enclosure fires where the occurrence of flaming attacks, such as flashover and backdraft are possible. In such conditions, lack of experience of firefighters often leads to fatal injuries. In order to reduce the injuries of firefighters during firefighting interventions, their training in flashover containers has recently begun. Practical training provides the necessary experience that is applied in real fire extinguishing interventions which implies that firefighters are exposed to high fire temperatures during training. Because of this, the paper focuses on modeling and simulation of flashover appearance in a container for firefighters' training, performed by using numerical fluid dynamics method. Using the Fire Dynamics Simulator software package, seven fire scenarios under different ventilation conditions and fire extinguishing methods were analyzed, with the aim of examining container temperatures that affect the safety of firefighters during the training. The obtained results indicate that the most acceptable scenario for firefighter training means that the container door is open for the entire duration of the training and, at the same time, it neccessary to periodically extinguish fire with a water jet, along with occasionally opening of the roof vent of the container.

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Section: уводunclassified

Safety of firefighters-rescuers during training in flashover container: A numerical study

Pešić¹,

Zigar²,

Blagojević³

2022

Bezbednost, Beograd

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“…Based on the literature, flashovers are expected to occur when the temperature associated with the room's surfaces reaches its ignition temperature [41]. For that to happen, the fire would usually either be in a small room or have a considerable amount of fuel/ventilation to last enough to reach such a high temperature [42]. In this case study, the fire was modeled in the spatial corridors (corridor area is about 550 m 2 ), which are clear from any fuel sources, and openly connected among the three floors in the fire zone.…”

Section: Fire Modeling Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BIM-Based Co-Simulation of Fire and Occupants’ Behavior for Safe Construction Rehabilitation Planning

Abadi

Tokmehdash

Hosny

et al. 2021

Fire

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Construction renovation projects increase the risk of structural fire, mostly due to the accumulation of combustible construction materials and waste. In particular, when the building remains operational during such projects, the redistribution of occupants and interruptions with access corridors/exit egress can exponentially increase the risk for the occupants. Most construction projects are, however, planned and scheduled merely based on the time and budget criteria. While safety is considered paramount and is meant to be applied as a hard constraint in the scheduling stage, in practice, safe evacuation considerations are reduced to rules of thumb and general code guidelines. In this paper, we propose simulation as a tool to introduce safety under structural fire, as a decision criterion, to be mixed with time and budget for selecting the best construction schedule alternative. We have used the BIM (building information model) to extract the building’s spatial and physical properties; and have applied co-simulation of fire, through computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and occupants’ evacuation behavior, through agent-based modeling (ABM) to estimate the average and maximum required safe egress time for various construction sequencing alternatives. This parameter is then used as a third decision criterion, combined with the project’s cost and duration, to evaluate construction schedule alternatives. We applied our method to a three-floor fire zone in a high-rise educational building in Montreal, and our results show that considering the fire safety criterion can make a difference in the final construction schedule. Our proposed method suggests an additional metric for evaluating renovation projects’ construction plans, particularly in congested buildings which need to remain fully or partially operational during the renovation. Thus, this method can be employed by safety officers and facility managers, as well as construction project planners to guide accounting for fire incidents while planning for these types of projects.

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“…Radiation from the ceiling smoke and walls during the compartment fire significantly enhances degradation of condensed fuels into pyrolysis gases [1]. Flashover is more likely to occur in a highly confined compartment due to noticeable enhancement of radiation heat feedback from smoke/walls, and the most common fire threat to people [2]. As a consequence, fire fighters face uncertain conditions when entering a compartment to attack a fire, and have to make decisions based on their experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consensus provided by these works [2,4,5,15] is that the fire evolution can be evaluated from a certain amount of information as temperature, pressure, speed, chemical composition contained and conveyed in smokes. While as, the detailed diagnostics including these measurements create an insurmountable difficulty during a compartment fire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting Flashover in a Compartment Fire by Using a Real-time Moving Average from Temperature Recordings

Bouaoud¹,

Lebey²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

J. Civ. Eng. Constr.

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A series of flashover fire tests were carried out using standard wood as fuel with various ventilation, and a comprehensive set of experimental data is presented. Fighting against compartment fires with occurance of flashover could cause fatal consequences on firefighters. This work shows that the potential dangers as flashover can be detected as soon as possible thanks to the comparison between two moving averages in the past calculated from a temperature recording in a very short time. The present study aims to evaluate the possibility of using only commonly available measurements as data to be assimilated into the model. A real-time decision method is developed, allowing to the selection of optimal intervention to minimize firefight occupant exposure to the detected hazard. This approach includes the mathematical analysis which is based on the comparison of two moving averages centered in the past, calculated on the recordings of the smoke temperature. Firefighters would greatly benefit from this predictive method in real time, able to assist their decision making process during operations against a compartment fire. From the safety point of view, the model gives conservative predictions for flashover fire.

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A Review of Modelling and Simulation Methods for Flashover Prediction in Confined Space Fires

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Safety of firefighters-rescuers during training in flashover container: A numerical study

Safety of firefighters-rescuers during training in flashover container: A numerical study

BIM-Based Co-Simulation of Fire and Occupants’ Behavior for Safe Construction Rehabilitation Planning

Forecasting Flashover in a Compartment Fire by Using a Real-time Moving Average from Temperature Recordings

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