A review of polymer dissolution

Miller-Chou, Beth A.; Koenig, Jack L.

doi:10.1016/s0079-6700(03)00045-5

Cited by 903 publications

(717 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Dissolution (process 4a) refers specifically to the release of individual ions or molecules that are soluble in water [4,[22][23][24]. The dissolution process can involve reaction of the surface molecules and ultimate release of the ionic form [21] or direct dissolution of the constituent materials, followed by a diffusional transport of the dissolved compounds [25].…”

Section: Nanoparticle Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

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Abstract-The risks associated with exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) will be determined in part by the processes that control their environmental fate and transformation. These processes act not only on ENM that might be released directly into the environment, but more importantly also on ENM in consumer products and those that have been released from the product. The environmental fate and transformation are likely to differ significantly for each of these cases. The ENM released from actual direct use or from nanomaterial-containing products are much more relevant for ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment than pristine ENM. Released ENM may have a greater or lesser environmental impact than the starting materials, depending on the transformation reactions and the material. Almost nothing is known about the environmental behavior and the effects of released and transformed ENM, although these are the materials that are actually present in the environment. Further research is needed to determine whether the release and transformation processes result in a similar or more diverse set of ENM and ultimately how this affects environmental behavior. This article addresses these questions, using four hypothetical case studies that cover a wide range of ENM, their direct use or product applications, and their likely fate in the environment. Furthermore, a more definitive classification scheme for ENM should be adopted that reflects their surface condition, which is a result of both industrial and environmental processes acting on the ENM. The authors conclude that it is not possible to assess the risks associated with the use of ENM by investigating only the pristine form of the ENM, without considering alterations and transformation processes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:50-59. # 2011 SETAC

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Section: Nanoparticle Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Nowack¹,

Ranville²,

Diamond³

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

533

353

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[ 26 ] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the DG-structured PEDOT deposits that were immersed in toluene however revealed significant structural degradation (compare Figure S4 to Figures S5 and S6, Supporting Information). The loss in pore size uniformity is ascribed to a plasticization of a nanometer-thick surface layer [ 9 ] by the solvent. In nanometer-sized struts, this results in the decay of the entire periodic DG structure into a nonordered mesoporous morphology ( Figure S4, Supporting Information).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Gyroid-structured Conjugated Polymer Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8] The formation of 3D nanostructures in soft organic materials holds several challenges, particularly with respect to mechanical stability and resistance to plasticization by small molecules. [ 9 ] Some studies have shown that 3D architectures outperform those of lower dimensionality (e.g., nanowire arrays) in terms of their mechanical stability. [ 10,11 ] Additionally, 3D interconnectivity guarantees the transport of charge carriers across the network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For solvent-induced surface plasticization that is comparable to the dimension of structural network elements, structure loss will ensue even for solvents that do not dissolve the bulk polymer. [ 9 ] Furthermore, even limited surface swelling will reduce the porosity of the nanostructured architecture, preventing its infi ltration with additional functional components.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical Applications

Dehmel

Nicolas

Scherer

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

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wileyonlinelibrary.comThe ideal mesoporous morphology should also exhibit interconnected pores of constant diameter for an optimized accessibility to the interfacial surface.The double-gyroid (DG) morphology with cubic 3 Ia d symmetry fulfi ls these criteria. It is a 3D continuous equilibrium structure arising from the self-assembly of strongly segregated diblock copolymers, [ 12,13 ] which comprises two interwoven single-gyroid networks with I 4 1 32 symmetry. These networks are related by inversion and are separated by a so-called matrix phase. A signifi cant advantage of the DG structure is the self-supporting nature of all constituent phases, which facilitates the synthesis of free-standing networks and thus greatly increases the number of possible fabrication pathways. Moreover, the pores as well as the surrounding struts are uniformly sized and well-ordered, ensuring interconnectivity of both networks across macroscopic dimensions.The replication of 3D nanonetwork morphologies into functional materials separates the optimization of a self-assembled template (such as a DG morphology) from the synthesis of the functional material that fi lls the template. While well established for metals [ 14 ] and metal-oxides, [ 15 ] it is also promising for the nanostructured synthesis of intractable organic materials. The replication of self-assembled templates is particularly interesting for conjugated polymers, the synthesis of which does not allow a precise control over their 3D morphology. Compared to inorganic templates, which require corrosive media for their chemical degradation, [ 16 ] soft organic templates offer the possibility of a mild template removal by dissolution. Recently, Cho et al. have demonstrated the microemulsion synthesis of conducting poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) gels with a DG morphology. [ 17 ] Retrieving a mesoporous aerogel from this precursor for application in functional devices is however virtually impossible because the gel itself is unstable and undergoes a transition from the gyroidal to the lamellar phase at 30 °C. In contrast, replicating mesoporous, DG-structured polymer templates into conjugated polymers may afford denser and therefore more stable functional materials.Compared to the replication of inorganic materials, template-assisted polymer synthesis presents many challenges, as it requires a complex multistep wet-chemical process involving several orthogonal solvents that are highly specifi c to either the template or the synthesized replica. Furthermore, synthesis reactions have to be chosen so that the template remains inert. The following requirements are essential:First, to form the mesoporous polymeric template, one of the copolymer blocks must be removed without affecting the 3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical ApplicationsRaphael Dehmel , Alexandre Nicolas , Maik R. J. Scherer , and Ullrich Steiner * The self assembly of block-copolymers into the gyroid morphology is replicated into 3D nanostructured conjugated polymers. Voided styrenic gyroidal networ...

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“…First, diffusion of the rehydration liquid into the dry polymer takes place, which leads to the formation of a swollen, viscous layer. Finally, the solid concentration within the swollen layer is progressively diluted and after a certain induction time until the critical swelling ratio is reached, the polymer molecules start to disentangle and dissolve into the rehydration liquid [13]. This critical swelling ratio was calculated from the swelling experiments by assuming that the time period of linear volume increase corresponds to water uptake/swelling of the particles (Fig.…”

Section: Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Capillary Wetting of Biopolymer Powders

Wangler

Kohlus

2017

Chem Eng & Technol

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The rehydration behavior of biopolymer powders was investigated. Problems that arise during powder rehydration, e.g., floating and formation of particle aggregates, are mainly attributed to the dynamics of capillary water uptake. Common methods for analysis are too slow to assess the fast changes and do not allow conclusions about causal relationships. For a more detailed understanding, relevant powder properties were investigated. Results show that viscosity development in the rehydration liquid as well as swelling, and in particular their dynamics, are crucial for powder rehydration. The dynamic capillary rise was modeled based on the Washburn equation and results were linked to the physical powder characteristics. The approach allows the evaluation, whether viscosity or swelling effects lead to a critical rehydration behavior.

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A review of polymer dissolution

Cited by 903 publications

References 91 publications

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment

3D Nanostructured Conjugated Polymers for Optical Applications

Dynamics of Capillary Wetting of Biopolymer Powders

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