A Review of Some Current Concepts of the Functional Evolution of the Ear in Terrestrial Vertebrates

Manley, Geoffrey A.

doi:10.2307/2407057

Cited by 64 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Middle ear response characteristics are influenced by the ability of the inner ear to process the frequencies being transmitted by the middle ear (Hemilä et al 1995;Manley 1972Manley , 1973Ruggero and Temchin 2002;Lavender et al 2011). Thus, any conclusions regarding frequency responses need to take the inner ear into account.…”

Section: Early Middle Ears and The Hearing Of Mammalian Ancestorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The actual relationship between cochlear length and hearing range varies between therian groups, but can be quite close within one class, such as primates (West 1985;Rosowski 1992). Since, however, the width of the basilar membrane also correlates with frequency response (Manley 1973), cochlear length alone is not a reliable indicator of frequency range. This can be conveniently illustrated by a comparison of the human cochlea with those of some dolphins.…”

Section: Early Middle Ears and The Hearing Of Mammalian Ancestorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What distinguishes the hearing abilities of many modern mammals from those of nonmammals is not their sensitivity or frequency selectivity-some nonmammals can match mammals in these respects (Manley 1973)-it is the fact that most recent mammals are sensitive to ultrasonic frequencies. To understand how evolution enabled most, but not all, modern mammals to do this, three important lines of evidence will be followed over more than 200 million years (Ma) of evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Manley

2012

JARO

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Evolution of the cochlea and high-frequency hearing (920 kHz; ultrasonic to humans) in mammals has been a subject of research for many years. Recent advances in paleontological techniques, especially the use of micro-CT scans, now provide important new insights that are here reviewed. True mammals arose more than 200 million years (Ma) ago. Of these, three lineages survived into recent geological times. These animals uniquely developed three middle ear ossicles, but these ossicles were not initially freely suspended as in modern mammals. The earliest mammalian cochleae were only about 2 mm long and contained a lagena macula. In the multituberculate and monotreme mammalian lineages, the cochlea remained relatively short and did not coil, even in modern representatives. In the lineage leading to modern therians (placental and marsupial mammals), cochlear coiling did develop, but only after a period of at least 60 Ma. Even Late Jurassic mammals show only a 270°cochlear coil and a cochlear canal length of merely 3 mm. Comparisons of modern organisms, mammalian ancestors, and the state of the middle ear strongly suggest that high-frequency hearing (920 kHz) was not realized until the early Cretaceous (~125 Ma). At that time, therian mammals arose and possessed a fully coiled cochlea. The evolution of modern features of the middle ear and cochlea in the many later lineages of therians was, however, a mosaic and different features arose at different times. In parallel with cochlear structural evolution, prestins in therian mammals evolved into effective components of a new motor system. Ultrasonic hearing developed quite late-the earliest bat cochleae (~60 Ma) did not show features characteristic of those of modern bats that are sensitive to high ultrasonic frequencies.

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Section: Early Middle Ears and The Hearing Of Mammalian Ancestorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Early Middle Ears and The Hearing Of Mammalian Ancestorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary Paths to Mammalian Cochleae

Manley

2012

JARO

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“…The structural variety displayed in many nonmammalian groups offers fruitful ground for the investigation of structure-function relationships in the peripheral auditory apparatus and the evolution of hearing systems (Manley 1973(Manley , 1981Miller 1980). Furthermore this comparative approach has attracted growing attention since peripheral auditory processing, which depends strongly on characteristics of hair cells, can often be more easily investigated in nonmammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity patterns of cochlear ganglion neurones in the starling

et al. 1985

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Summary. 1. Spontaneous activity and responses to simple tonal stimuli were studied in cochlear ganglion neurones of the starling.2. Both regular and irregular spontaneous activity were recorded (Figs. I to 5). Non-auditory cells have their origin in the macula lagenae. Mean spontaneous rate for auditory cells (all irregularly spiking) was 45 spikes s-1.3. In half the units having characteristic frequencies (CFs) <1.5 kHz, time-interval histograms (TIHs) of spontaneous activity showed regularly-spaced peaks or 'preferred' intervals. The spacing of the peak intervals was, on average, 15% greater than the CF-period interval of the respective units (Fig. 11).4. In TIH of lower-frequency cells without preferred intervals, the modal interval was also on average about 15% longer than the CF-period interval (Fig. 11). Apparently, the resting oscillation frequency of these cells lies below their CF.5. Tuning curves (TCs) of neurones to short tone bursts show no systematic asymmetry as in mammals. Below CF 1 kHz, the low-frequency flanks of the TCs are, on average, steeper than the high-frequency flanks. Above CF 1 kHz, the reverse is true (Fig. 15).6. The cochlear ganglion and nerve are tonotopically organized. Low-frequency fibres arise apically in the papilla basilaris and are found near non-auditory (lagenar) fibres (Figs. 2 and 19).7. Discharge rates to short tones were monotonically related to sound presure level (Fig. 20). Saturation rates often exceeded 300 spikes s-1.8. 'On-off' responses and primary suppression of spontaneous activity were observed (Figs. 22 and 23).Abbreviations." CF characteristic frequency; TC tuning curve; TIH time interval histogram 9. A direct comparison of spontaneous activity and tuning-curve symmetry (Fig. 15b) revealed that, apart from quantative differences, fundamental qualitative differences exist between starling and guinea-pig primary afferents.

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“…Although there are no systematic differences in the sensitivity and lever ratio to the mammalian ear, the upper frequency limit of the transfer characteristic is significantly lower than it is in mammals (Manley 1973;Manley 1981) and is strongly influenced by the flexibility of the middle ear (Manley 1972a,b). At high frequencies (>4 kHz), the efficiency of the middle ear deteriorates (Manley 1981), because an increasing amount of the acoustic energy is lost in a flexing motion within the inferior process.…”

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confidence: 99%