A Review of Structural Adhesive Joints in Hybrid Joining Processes

Maggiore, Sofia; Banea, M. D.; Stagnaro, Paola; Luciano, Giorgio

doi:10.3390/polym13223961

Cited by 82 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Epoxy resins are extensively used in a wide range of applications [1], including adhesives [2,3], coatings [4,5], and high-performance composites [6,7], among others. However, as one of the main drawbacks is their inherent brittleness, much research has gone into finding ways to increase their toughness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid-Cured Epoxy/PCL Blends with Improved Toughness and Adhesive Properties

et al. 2022

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In this work, ionic liquid (IL)-cured epoxy resins were modified by adding poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). Three different ILs were used in order to study how (a) the chemical structure of the ILs and (b) the PCL content affect the phase behaviour, microstructure, mechanical and adhesive properties. Regardless of the IL used or the PCL content, the obtained materials showed a single phase. The addition of PCL to the epoxy resin resulted in plasticizing of the network blends, lower glass transition temperatures (Tg), and crosslinking densities (νe). Low PCL contents did not have a significant impact on the mechanical properties. However, the adhesive properties improved significantly at low PCL contents. Higher PCL contents led to a significant increase in toughness, especially in the case of the imidazolium-based IL. The balance achieved between the mechanical and adhesive properties of these IL-cured epoxy/PCL blends constitutes an important step towards sustainability. This is because a biodegradable polymer (PCL) was used to substitute part of the epoxy resin, and the ILs—which are non-volatile and cure effectively at much lower contents—were used instead of conventional curing agents. Given the wide use of this kind of materials in the adhesive industry, the practical significance of these results must be emphasised.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquid-Cured Epoxy/PCL Blends with Improved Toughness and Adhesive Properties

et al. 2022

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“…Due to its excellent mechanical properties, bond properties, insulation properties, thermal stability, alkali resistance, stable chemical properties, and low cost, epoxy adhesive is now widely used in bonding metal or non-metal with thermosetting materials [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], such as the bonding layer between ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) and a thin asphalt layer, or the bond of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) with fatigue damaged steel structures. However, such examples require epoxy adhesives to have excellent mechanical properties, surface roughness, and toughness, yet unmodified epoxy adhesive composites are too brittle and vulnerable to cracking [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Mechanical and Bond Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Modified by SiO2 Nanoparticles with Active Groups

Long

2022

Polymers

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In order to improve the mechanical and bond properties of epoxy adhesives for their wide scope of applications, modified epoxy adhesives were produced in this study with SiO2 nanoparticles of 20 nm in size, including inactive groups, NH2 active groups, and C4H8 active groups. The mechanical properties of specimens were examined, and an investigation was conducted into the effects of epoxy adhesive modified by three kinds of SiO2 nanoparticles on the bond properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer and steel (CFRP/steel) double lap joints. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the distribution effect in epoxy adhesive of SiO2 nanoparticles modified by active groups was better than that of inactive groups. When the mass fraction of SiO2-C4H8 nanoparticles was 0.05%, the tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, bending strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength of the epoxy adhesives reached their maximum, which were 47.63%, 44.81%, 57.31%, 62.17%, 33.72%, 78.89%, and 68.86% higher than that of the EP, respectively, and 8.45%, 9.52%, 9.24%, 20.22%, 17.76%, 20.18%, and 12.65% higher than that of the inactive groups of SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. The SiO2 nanoparticles modified with NH2 or C4H8 active groups were effective in improving the ultimate load-bearing capacity and bond properties of epoxy adhesives glued to CFRP/steel double lap joints, thus increasing the strain and interface shear stress peak value of the CFRP surface.

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“…Recently, the FSJ method was used to join nonmetallic materials, allowing this method to cover a broader range of materials. In this regard, researchers have shown that, compared with other joining processes, FSJ can improve mechanical properties [15,16]. The variety of polymers that can be subjected to FSJ is not comprehensive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Noncontact Shoulder Tool Velocities on Friction Stir Joining of Polyamide 6 (PA6)

et al. 2022

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In this study, the effects of the traverse and rotational velocities of the noncontact shoulder tool on the heat generation and heated flux during the friction stir joining of high-density polyamide 6 (PA6) polymer were investigated. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was employed to simulate the thermomechanical phenomena during the friction stir joining (FSJ) process of PA6. A developed model was used to consider the void formation and thermochemical properties of PA6. The surface and internal heat flow, material flow, and geometry of the joint were simulated, and an experimental study evaluated the simulation results. The simulation results indicated that the stir zone formed was smaller than regular joints with a noncontact shoulder tool. Despite the polymer’s traditional FSJ, heat generation and material flow do not differ significantly between advancing and retreating sides. On the other hand, the surface flow is not formed, and the surface temperature gradient is in a narrow line behind the tool. The material velocity increased at higher rotational speed and lower transverse velocity and in the stir zone with more giant geometry forms. The maximum generated heat was 204 °C, and the maximum material velocity was predicted at 0.44 m/s in the stir zone, achieved at 440 rpm and 40 mm/min tool velocities.

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A Review of Structural Adhesive Joints in Hybrid Joining Processes

Cited by 82 publications

References 97 publications

Ionic Liquid-Cured Epoxy/PCL Blends with Improved Toughness and Adhesive Properties

Ionic Liquid-Cured Epoxy/PCL Blends with Improved Toughness and Adhesive Properties

Enhancement of Mechanical and Bond Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Modified by SiO2 Nanoparticles with Active Groups

Effects of Noncontact Shoulder Tool Velocities on Friction Stir Joining of Polyamide 6 (PA6)

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