A review of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPS): characterisation and role in the lubricating oil

Barnes, Allyson M.; Bartle, Keith D.; Thibon, V. R. A.

doi:10.1016/s0301-679x(01)00028-7

Cited by 326 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This was further evidence of boundary additive function reducing the static re-start friction coefficient to 0.15. When re-starting, contact potential readings exhibited a peak associated with the static friction peak, again confirming tribo-chemical reaction associated with frictional energy input from local flash temperatures and also consistent with other studies on anti-wear pad formation [19,31,33,34].…”

Section: Friction Behavioursupporting

confidence: 89%

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The influence of start–stop transient velocity on the friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al–Si automotive alloy

Walker¹,

Kamps²,

Wood³

2013

Wear

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As worldwide automotive ownership is set to exceed 2 billion vehicles by 2030 [1], environmental and economical pressures on the automotive industry mean there is a trend to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions whilst simultaneously improving fuel economy. The use of electrical hybrid, start-stop idling and materials light-weighting are some of the technological solutions which can offer efficiency savings, however their combined use in a tribological context is less well understood. Interruption of piston sliding as a result of start-stop technology will simultaneously interrupt fluid film lubrication at the ring/liner interface. This could have implications on the friction and wear behaviour of Al-Si cylinder blocks, where scuffing can be an issue. In order to determine the effect of a start-stop velocity cycles on the lubricated friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al-Si liner, an interrupted reciprocating laboratory tribometer test programme was developed based upon the European Urban Cycle standard. Refined cast iron piston ring segments were slid at 23Hz frequency, 4MPa nominal contact pressure and 25mm stroke length against a conformal honed Alusil cylinder liner segment. Regular velocity interruptions at 60s intervals did not significantly inhibit the dynamic friction behaviour between the liner and the cast-iron piston ring segment, indicating that lubricant additive function was not significantly inhibited. However contact potential and FIB-SIMS depth profiles indicated that antiwear tribo-film thickness was reduced as a result of start-stop cycling. Mass loss from the piston ring was also notably higher as a result of the interruption of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication causing boundary conditions at re-start and subsequent 2-body abrasion by harder protruding Si particles. Specific wear rates for the Al-Si liner as a result of start-stop velocities were surprisingly lower compared to uninterrupted tests and was believed to be due to faster running-in of the piston ring surface. These results are discussed in terms of the viability of Al-Si as engine materials running start-stop technology.

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Section: Friction Behavioursupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Over the total test length, contact potential values steadily increased with test time, again consistent with the theory that anti-wear film formation and growth required sliding to occur [29,[33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Friction Behavioursupporting

confidence: 79%

The influence of start–stop transient velocity on the friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al–Si automotive alloy

Walker¹,

Kamps²,

Wood³

2013

Wear

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“…The mixture with ZDDP shows the lowest friction coefficient of the three oil samples. The ZDDP mechanism of action can explain this fact because of the additive-metal surface interaction, which avoids welding and reduces friction and wear [52,53]. For tests made with ionic liquid as the additive, a significant friction coefficient reduction compared to neat PAO 6 can also be observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Behaviour of PVD Coatings Lubricated with a FAP− Anion-Based Ionic Liquid Used as an Additive

et al. 2016

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This paper studies 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate ionic liquid ([BMP][FAP]) as a 1 wt% additive to a polyalphaolefin (PAO 6) in the lubrication of CrN and TiN PVD coatings. Friction and wear behaviour were determined by using a ball-on-plate reciprocating tribometer at two loads (20 and 40 N) and a reciprocating frequency of 10 Hz. The tribological behaviour of this mixture has also been compared to a traditional oil additive, like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). As an additive, ionic liquid exhibited an important friction and wear reduction compared to the base oil. However, tests conducted with ZDDP show slightly better results. XPS was used to analyse wear surfaces. The interactions of each additive with the surface contributed to improving the tribological behaviour of the lubricants.

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“…The most common of these are anti-wear (AW) additives. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZDDPs) are the most popular representatives of this group of additives, due to excellent AW performance and a relatively low cost, as well as some additional beneficial properties such as their extreme-pressure (EP) and anti-oxidant functionalities [1,2,3]. As an alternative to ZDDPs, ashless phosphorus-containing AW additives are often employed in applications where the ZDDP content has to be limited due to environmental concerns [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quenching from 1 Parent austenite which did not transform to martensite during quenching. 2 Carbides which are left undissolved during austenitisation prior to quenching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between ZDDP tribofilm morphology and the microstructure of steel

Rydel

Pagkalis

Kadiric

et al. 2017

Tribology International

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The microstructure of most hard steels used in tribological applications is inhomogeneous at a micro-scale. This results in local variations in chemical composition and mechanical properties. On a similar scale, tribofilms formed by ZDDP and other anti-wear additives are commonly observed to exhibit a patch-like morphology. ZDDP tribofilms formed under controlled contact conditions on four di↵erent steel grades were carefully studied with a new AFM technique to analyse the relationship between the steel microstructure and the tribofilm morphology. Tribofilms were found to be thinner on residual carbides than on the martensitic matrix in all grades containing residual carbides. In most cases, the di↵erence in tribofilm thickness is larger than the carbide protrusion.

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A review of zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPS): characterisation and role in the lubricating oil

Cited by 326 publications

References 46 publications

The influence of start–stop transient velocity on the friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al–Si automotive alloy

The influence of start–stop transient velocity on the friction and wear behaviour of a hyper-eutectic Al–Si automotive alloy

Tribological Behaviour of PVD Coatings Lubricated with a FAP− Anion-Based Ionic Liquid Used as an Additive

The correlation between ZDDP tribofilm morphology and the microstructure of steel

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