“…Ironically, the peak incident occurs in toddlers aged 1-4 years. Children who received medical treatment of these acute cases were found only about 15%, while others were sent to live in exile rather than being taken to medical care, because noma was considered an embarrassing disease, thus often resulting in forced isolation from the community and family (Ashok, Tarakji, Darwish, Rodrigues, & Altamimi, 2016;Braimah, et al, 2017). Noma generally occurs in populations with extreme levels of poverty, severe malnutrition, unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, poor oral hygiene, high infant mortality, limited access to health services, and intrauterine growth retardation .…”