Specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs), abundant
in indoor
air, go unestimated due to the unavailability of specific detectors.
Here, we have demonstrated n-type ZnO nanoforest thin films as highly
sensitive toluene and 2-propanol sensors at reduced temperatures (∼150
°C) under optical irradiation. The sensors demonstrated a maximum
response of 2273% for 2-propanol and 1579% for toluene at 190 ppm
each, with the response and recovery times of 46 and 36 s for toluene
and 42 and 37 s for 2-propanol, respectively, which were significantly
high in comparison to those in the dark (312 and 438% for toluene
and 2-propanol, respectively, at 190 ppm at 300 °C) with excellent
reproducibility and device stability (tested for 70 days). The optical
enhancement was due to a significant number of photogenerated carriers
in the conduction band contributing to the sensing. The sensor was
highly specific toward toluene and 2-propanol compared to other vapors.
Principal component analysis was performed on the acquired transient
responses to determine a clear specificity among the two overlapping
VOCs. The device degraded under humidity, as explained by the competitive
binding interaction of water with analytes. The marginally higher
response of 2-propanol compared to toluene was due to a higher binding
coefficient for 2-propanol. To demonstrate the sensing performance,
an adsorption-mediated surface reconstruction mechanism was suggested,
which showed a higher degree of dissociation for 2-propanol onto the
ZnO(101) surface, thereby creating more dissociative adsorption states
favorable for its adsorption (evident from the reduced adsorption
energy). This resulted in enhanced sensing of 2-propanol over toluene,
thereby supporting the experimental sensing variation. Thus, unlike
its commercial competitors, the fabricated sensor can selectively
detect individual VOCs.