A review on tertiary recycling of high-density polyethylene to fuel

Kumar, Sachin; Panda, Achyut K.; Singh, Ranjan K.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.05.005

Cited by 406 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…When established refining and petrochemical technologies are applied, these processes trigger endless recycling of the valuable hydrocarbons and render similar product qualities like virgin material. Tracking the history of the thermo-chemical conversion processes described above (depolymerisation or degradation) [1,14,18,24] clearly shows that the successful implementation and establishment of these technologies strongly depend on a specified feedstock available in specific quality and quantity. Furthermore, it is a well-established fact that POs, representing the major portion of plastics, are used worldwide and are highly suitable for feedstock recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sink–float density separation of post-consumer plastics for feedstock recycling

Bauer

Lehner

Schwabl

et al. 2018

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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The paper focuses on current mechanical waste processing technologies and out-of-the-box processes linked to the processing of coal and mineral resources, to ensure high-quality feedstock recycling of polyolefin-rich post-consumer plastic fractions. Moreover, the study aims to provide the basis for the technical and economic feasibility of the chemical recycling route of this plastic fraction. When evaluating common mechanical processes, either dry or wet ones, sink-float separation in a cylindrical centrifugal force separator achieves the best results. It combines the advantages of a simple, robust apparatus of low complexity and high capacity with selective separation through the accelerated settling of particles in the centrifugal field. Furthermore, the disconnection of the separation medium feed from the solid input increases residence times. Based on the above findings, a pilot-scale plant was constructed which consists of a centrifugal force separator and a hydro jig for the pre-separation of heavy waste components. Several test campaigns were conducted to separate polyolefins from various waste fractions. Two-stage processing in the centrifugal force separator rendered almost 90 wt% of polyolefin content in the produced lightweight fraction and of polyolefin recovery. One-stage processing, on the other hand, resulted in reduced polyolefin content in the lightweight fraction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sink–float density separation of post-consumer plastics for feedstock recycling

Bauer

Lehner

Schwabl

et al. 2018

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

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“…Because of their non-biodegradability, plastic materials contribute significantly to the problem of municipal waste management (Kumar et al 2011). Thus, the collection and recycling of the plastics is a relevant environmental issue.…”

Section: Plastic Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cogeneration: An option to facilitate load following in Small Modular Reactors

Locatelli

Fiordaliso

Boarin

et al. 2017

Progress in Nuclear Energy

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Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) have been historically deployed to cover the base-load of the electricity demand. Nowadays some NPPs might perform daily load cycling operation (i.e. load following) between 50% and 100% of their rated power. With respect to the insertion of control rods or comparable action to reduce the nuclear power generation, a more L F C of power, respect to the electricity demand, to an auxiliary system. A suitable cogeneration system needs:1. To have a demand of electricity and/or heat in the region of 500 MWt 1 GWt;2. To meet a significant market demand;3. To have access to adequate input to process; 4. To be flexible: cogeneration might operate at full load during the night when the request (of) for electricity is low, and be turned off during the daytime.From the economic standpoint, it is essential that the investment in the auxiliary system is profitable. This paper provides a techno-economic assessment of systems suitable for coupling with a NPP for load following. The results show that district heating, desalination and hydrogen might be technically and economically feasible.

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“…These mechanisms have been studied for a number of years. The catalytic cracking process takes place at temperatures high enough to have parallel thermal cracking reactions (Kumar et al, 2011). Some of the efforts for elucidating the thermal cracking mechanism of polyethylene go back to the end of the 1940's (Oakes and Richards, 1949).…”

Section: Reaction Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scheme 2 shows different reactions that can take place, each one more or less favored depending on the temperature (Kumar et al, 2011). The surface area and the porous structure of the catalyst also play an important role.…”

Section: Protonationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four categories can be considered for the treatment and recycling processes of plastic wastes (Table 1), depending of requirements of every locality or industry; each method presents advantages and disadvantages. Although primary and secondary recycling schemes are well established and widely applied, it has been concluded that many of the PSW tertiary and quaternary treatment schemes appear to be robust and worth of additional investigation (Al-Salem et al, 2009;Hopewell et al, 2009 (Scheirs & Kaminsky, 2006;Al-Salem et al, 2009;Hopewell et al, 2009) Scheme 1 shows an overview of the thermal and chemical recycling processes that can be applied to plastic waste (Kumar et al, 2011) We should point out that methanolyis can be included among alcoholysis methods and hydrolisis is also another chemolysis method. Scheme 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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