A Review on the Evolution of Cellular Technologies

Arshad, Qazi Kamal Ud Din; Kashif, A.; Quershi, Ijaz Mansoor

doi:10.1109/ibcast.2019.8667173

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Pakistan adopted the 2G in early 2000 when transmission of data, along with voice, was first accomplished through global system for mobile (GSM) networks [28]. After deregulation of the industry in 2003-04, the two multinational telecom companies telenor and warid started operations in 2005 [27].…”

Section: Second Generation (2g)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile communication (2G, 3G & 4G) and future interest of 5G in Pakistan: a review

Iqbal

Rahim

Hussain

et al. 2021

IJEECS

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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The use of mobile communication is growing radically with every passing year. The new reality is the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technology. 5G requires expensive infrastructural adjustment and upgradation. Currently, Pakistan has one of the most significant numbers of biometrically verified mobile users. However, at the same time, the country lags incredibly in the field of mobile internet adoption, with just half of the mobile device owners avail broadband subscription. It is a viable market with a large segment yet to be tapped. With the advancing progression in Pakistan towards the internet of things (IoT) connectivity, i.e., solar-powered home solutions, smart city projects, and on-board diagnostics (OBD), the urgency for speed, bandwidth and reliability are on the rise. In this paper, Pakistan's prevalent mobile communication networks, i.e., second, third and fourth generation (2G, 3G and 4G), were analyzed and examined in light of the country's demographics and challenges. The future of 5G in Pakistan was also discussed. The study revealed that non-infrastructural barriers influence the low adoption rate, which is the main reason behind the spectrum utilization gap, i.e., the use of 3G, and the 4G spectrum is minimal.</span>

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Section: Second Generation (2g)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile communication (2G, 3G & 4G) and future interest of 5G in Pakistan: a review

Iqbal

Rahim

Hussain

et al. 2021

IJEECS

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“…Assuming a 3 BS deployment as shown in Fig. 1, where BS1 is located at (x 1 , y 1 ), BS2 is located at (x 2 , y 2 ), BS3 is located at (x 3 , y 3 ), the RSTD measurement (under ideal condition), which is the difference of ToA from BS2 (reference BS) and BS1 at UE location (x u , y u ) can be expressed as shown in (1).…”

Section: Dl-otdoa Positioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its inception Radio Access Technology (RAT) has mainly been developed and deployed to provide seamless communication services to end consumers [1]. The communication services since then have evolved and range today from provisioning a voice call setup between two end users to providing required connectivity to mobile broadband users, including but not limited to Device-to-Device communication, and vehicular use cases using wireless radio signals [2], [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in Position Estimation Using Machine Learning

Zhao

Shrestha

2021

2021 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)

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UE localization has proven its implications on multitude of use cases ranging from emergency call localization to new and emerging use cases in industrial IoT. To support plethora of use cases Radio Access Technology (RAT)-based positioning has been supported by 3GPP since Release 9 of its specifications that featured basic positioning methods based on Cell Identity (CID) and Enhanced-CID (E-CID). Since then, multiple positioning techniques and solutions are proposed and integrated in to the 3GPP specifications. When it comes to evaluating performance of the positioning techniques, achievable accuracy (2-Dimensional or 3-Dimensional) has, so far, been the primary metric. With an advent of Release 16 New Radio (NR) positioning, it is possible to configure Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) with wide bandwidth that naturally helps improving the positioning accuracy. However, the improvement is evident when the conditions are ideal for positioning. In practice where the conditions are non-ideal and the positioning accuracy is severely impacted, estimating the uncertainty in position estimation becomes important and can provide significant insight on how reliable a position estimation is.In order to determine the uncertainty in position estimation we resort to Machine Learning (ML) techniques that offer ways to determine the uncertainty/reliability of the predictions for a trained model. Hence, in this work we propose to combine ML methods such as Gaussian Process (GP) and Random Forest (RF) with RAT-based positioning measurements to predict the location of a UE and in the meantime also assess the uncertainty of the estimated position. The results show that both GP and RF not only achieve satisfactory positioning accuracy but also give a reliable uncertainty assessment of the predicted position of the UE.

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“…Zhani et al (2020) this paper discuss about the internet architecture using the Next Generation Internet and discuss the layers of OSI model and discuss the limitation of internet like compatibility issue and emphasis on the network services provided by internet. Arshad et al (2019) is review on the cellular technology change according to the various generations and discuss about the features like QoS, online gaming etc and compare the various generations based on frequency, bandwidth and performance. Reddy et al (2019) discuss the generations of various network devices such as wireless network.…”

Section: P58mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Internet Generations on Wireless Network: A Survey

Kaur

Sharma

Singh

2020

JTMGE

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In the recent era, the demand of the internet is increasing. The Internet is global computer network that provide the sharing of data and information. Internet is useful in every field. It modifies the way of working, living style and contributed positive impact on our life. With the raising of the demand new tools and technologies are developed. The internet is classified in various generations depends on the functionality and key features. In this paper the generations of the internet and functionality are discussed. The internet has 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 that provides internet protocols. Internet 4.0 and 5.0 are grownup and it works on wireless and sensor network devices. With the development of new generation the data rate, flexibility, Quality of service, performance and many other features are improved. In this survey focus on the features, techniques and tools provided by each generation.

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A Review on the Evolution of Cellular Technologies

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Mobile communication (2G, 3G & 4G) and future interest of 5G in Pakistan: a review

Mobile communication (2G, 3G & 4G) and future interest of 5G in Pakistan: a review

Uncertainty in Position Estimation Using Machine Learning

Evaluation of Internet Generations on Wireless Network: A Survey

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