A review on the valorization of CO2. Focusing on the thermodynamics and catalyst design studies of the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether

COxFixation to Elementary Building Blocks: Anaerobic Syngas Fermentation vs. Chemical Catalysis

“…DME is a synthetic fuel that can substitute or blend into the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) without modifications in the existing storage and handling infrastructure [50][51][52]. It is also a promising fuel for the transportation section due to its considerable energy density, its high cetane number (CN) and the absence of C-C bonds, resulting in lower emissions of particulate matter (PM), soot, hydrocarbons and CO, when comparing to diesel [53,54].…”

Numerical Analysis of CO2-to-DME Conversion in a Membrane Microchannel Reactor

“…In this so-called direct route, immediate consumption of methanol relaxes thermodynamic constraints related to its formation, and capital and operating expenses are reduced due to the elimination of one reactor. 4,5 Benefits of the direct route become even more notable when DME is synthesized from CO 2 and H 2 . When CO 2 , a greenhouse gas that can be captured from the emissions of numerous industrial operations, is reacted with H 2 that can be obtained via renewable routes (e.g., water electrolysis driven by electricity from solar or wind power 6,7 ), DME can be synthesized with reduced carbon footprint via the following descriptive reactions, with reaction 1 being the combination of the independent reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) and CO hydrogenation (reactions 2 and 3, respectively): 50% and DME yields of ∼9−25% at ∼240−270 °C, 30−40 bar, and H 2 /CO 2 = 2−10 are reported.…”

“…1,7,8 Under similar conditions, reaction performance can be further improved by the use of bifunctional catalysts, offering even closer proximity of the metallic and acidic sites. 5,8 In addition to the improved catalytic activity and stability, careful management of the steam generated in situ via reactions 2 and 4 is essential. Steam buildup in the reaction mixture increases the risk of thermodynamic limitation of methanol and DME formation.…”

“…These reactions can be coupled within the same reactor involving either a physical mixture of the metallic and acidic catalysts or a bifunctional catalyst comprising the metallic and acidic functions within the same pellet. In this so-called direct route, immediate consumption of methanol relaxes thermodynamic constraints related to its formation, and capital and operating expenses are reduced due to the elimination of one reactor. , Benefits of the direct route become even more notable when DME is synthesized from CO 2 and H 2 . When CO 2 , a greenhouse gas that can be captured from the emissions of numerous industrial operations, is reacted with H 2 that can be obtained via renewable routes ( e.g.…”

“…Studies on the catalysis of CO 2 hydrogenation to DME generally involved investigation of the physical mixture of metallic and acidic catalysts on which CO 2 conversions of ∼15–50% and DME yields of ∼9–25% at ∼240–270 °C, 30–40 bar, and H 2 /CO 2 = 2–10 are reported. ,, Under similar conditions, reaction performance can be further improved by the use of bifunctional catalysts, offering even closer proximity of the metallic and acidic sites. , In addition to the improved catalytic activity and stability, careful management of the steam generated in situ via reactions and is essential. Steam buildup in the reaction mixture increases the risk of thermodynamic limitation of methanol and DME formation.…”