A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics

Mitchell, John D.; Daly, Douglas C.

doi:10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489

Cited by 87 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Tertiary-vein junctions are significant across groups, with apparently higher sensitivity at junctions with primary veins in Fagaceae, perhaps reflecting the tendency toward zigzag midveins in that family; with secondary and intersecondary veins in Apocynaceae and Betulaceae; and with other tertiaries and finer veins in several families such as Anacardiaceae. Correspondingly, many Anacardiaceae are known for having unusual tertiary venation (13,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer vision cracks the leaf code

Wilf

Zhang

Chikkerur

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

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Understanding the extremely variable, complex shape and venation characters of angiosperm leaves is one of the most challenging problems in botany. Machine learning offers opportunities to analyze large numbers of specimens, to discover novel leaf features of angiosperm clades that may have phylogenetic significance, and to use those characters to classify unknowns. Previous computer vision approaches have primarily focused on leaf identification at the species level. It remains an open question whether learning and classification are possible among major evolutionary groups such as families and orders, which usually contain hundreds to thousands of species each and exhibit many times the foliar variation of individual species. Here, we tested whether a computer vision algorithm could use a database of 7,597 leaf images from 2,001 genera to learn features of botanical families and orders, then classify novel images. The images are of cleared leaves, specimens that are chemically bleached, then stained to reveal venation. Machine learning was used to learn a codebook of visual elements representing leaf shape and venation patterns. The resulting automated system learned to classify images into families and orders with a success rate many times greater than chance. Of direct botanical interest, the responses of diagnostic features can be visualized on leaf images as heat maps, which are likely to prompt recognition and evolutionary interpretation of a wealth of novel morphological characters. With assistance from computer vision, leaves are poised to make numerous new contributions to systematic and paleobotanical studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer vision cracks the leaf code

Wilf

Zhang

Chikkerur

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

126

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“…mombin L. The fruits of S . mombin L. are known by many different popular names, the best known of which in Brazil are cajá, cajá-mirim, and taperebá [7, 8]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities of yellow mombin juice from Spondias mombin L.

et al. 2018

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Spondias mombin L. (yellow mombin) is a tree with a nutritional fruit that is commonly consumed in the North and Northeast of Brazil, as the juice of its pulp is rich in antioxidant compounds. This study aimed to investigate the gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities of yellow mombin juice (YMJ) in Wistar rats, and to elucidate the possible involved mechanisms. Phytochemical characterization of the lyophilized fruit juice was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The gastroprotective activity of YMJ was investigated in ethanol (25, 50, and 100% YMJ) and indomethacin (100% YMJ) models of acute gastric ulcer in rats. Then, the effect of YMJ on mucus production and gastric secretions, and the involvement of non-protein sulfhydryl groups and prostaglandins in the gastroprotective process were examined. Moreover, the ulcer healing effect of YMJ was investigated in a model of acetic acid-induced chronic ulcer through histological and immunohistochemical analyses. HPLC results identified the presence of epicatechin (7.1 ± 1.6 μg/mL) and quercetin (17.3 ± 2.5 μg/mL) in YMJ. Ethanol-induced gastric lesions were inhibited by YMJ (25, 50, and 100%) by 42.42, 45.09, and 98.21% respectively, and indomethacin-induced lesions were inhibited by YMJ (100%) by 58.96%, compared to control group. Moreover, YMJ reduced gastric content and total acidy by 57.35 and 71.97%, respectively, compared to the control group. Treatment with YMJ also promoted healing of chronic ulcer, regeneration of the gastric mucosa, and restoration of mucus levels in glandular cells, as confirmed by histological analysis. It also increased cellular proliferation, as demonstrated by high reactivity to Ki-67 and bromodeoxyuridine. In conclusion, YMJ was found to possess gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities that are correlated to its antisecretory action. These results support the commercial exploration of YMJ as a functional food.

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“…2 The Spondias genus has a history of use that dates back at least 6500 BC in Tehuacan Valley, Mexico. 3 Four species of Spondias are economically important in tropical America: S. dulcis, S. mombin, S. purpurea and S. tuberosa. 4 Spondias mombin L. is a native fruit tree from tropical America having wide distribution and can be found throughout Latin America and parts of Asia and Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacognostic Characterization of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)

Vasconcelos¹,

Vasconcelos²,

Randau³

2016

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Background: Spondias mombin L. is fruit specie found in Tropical America and the coast of Africa, popularly known as cajazeira. Several researches with extract of leaflets show a diversity of promising pharmacological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral against dengue virus type 2, anti diabetic, among others. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and histochemical from leaves of this species. Materials and Methods: Cross and paradermic sections from leaves were submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Anatomical analysis of the structures was performed using an optical microscope. For ultra structure analysis, the leaf fragments, after processing and gold coating, were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phytochemical analyses were performed using thin layer chromatography and the histochemical analyses using specific reagents for each metabolite group. Results: The leaf has anomocytic and tetracytic stomata distributed on abaxial surface. The midrib has convex symmetry with collateral vascular bundles in a closed arc disposition. The phytochemical showed the presence of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, hydrolysable tannins, phenylpropanoid glycosides, cinnamic derivatives and flavonoids. The histochemical tests allow us to state that phenolic compounds are found in the palisade parenchyma cells. Lignins can be found in woody vascular bundles and in perivascular sclerenchyma fibres. The volatile oils were evidenced in the schizogenous cavity, present in the parenchyma of the midrib. Conclusion: The results allowed characterizing anatomically the leaves of this species, outlining a profile of its phytochemical constituents and, in addition, determining which anatomical structures of storage of these metabolites by the plant.

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A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics

Cited by 87 publications

References 104 publications

Computer vision cracks the leaf code

Computer vision cracks the leaf code

Evaluation of gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities of yellow mombin juice from Spondias mombin L.

Pharmacognostic Characterization of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)

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