A safety analysis of food waste-derived animal feeds from three typical conversion techniques in China

Chen, Ting; Jin, Yiying; Shen, Dongsheng

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.041

Cited by 51 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…While this is the case in countries like South Korea and China (Chen et al., 2015), food waste collection in the UK is currently more variable. In 2013, separate food waste collection occurred in 95% of Wales, but only 34% of Scotland, 26% of England, and 4% of Northern Ireland (House of Lords, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We overcome these methodological limitations by taking a more holistic, hybrid LCA approach (described in more detail below). This study focuses on municipal food wastes because they make up 66% of EU food waste (Monier et al., 2010) and are suitable for animal feed – they are currently used in both South Korea and China (Chen et al., 2015, Stuart, 2009) and have historically been used in the EU (Fairlie, 2010). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options

Salemdeeb

Ermgassen

Kim

et al. 2017

Journal of Cleaner Production

352

171

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The disposal of food waste is a large environmental problem. In the United Kingdom (UK), approximately 15 million tonnes of food are wasted each year, mostly disposed of in landfill, via composting, or anaerobic digestion (AD). European Union (EU) guidelines state that food waste should preferentially be used as animal feed though for most food waste this practice is currently illegal, because of disease control concerns. Interest in the potential diversion of food waste for animal feed is however growing, with a number of East Asian states offering working examples of safe food waste recycling – based on tight regulation and rendering food waste safe through heat treatment. This study investigates the potential benefits of diverting food waste for pig feed in the UK. A hybrid, consequential life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare the environmental and health impacts of four technologies for food waste processing: two technologies of South Korean style-animal feed production (as a wet pig feed and a dry pig feed) were compared with two widespread UK disposal technologies: AD and composting. Results of 14 mid-point impact categories show that the processing of food waste as a wet pig feed and a dry pig feed have the best and second-best scores, respectively, for 13/14 and 12/14 environmental and health impacts. The low impact of food waste feed stems in large part from its substitution of conventional feed, the production of which has substantial environmental and health impacts. While the re-legalisation of the use of food waste as pig feed could offer environmental and public health benefits, this will require support from policy makers, the public, and the pig industry, as well as investment in separated food waste collection which currently occurs in only a minority of regions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options

Salemdeeb

Ermgassen

Kim

et al. 2017

Journal of Cleaner Production

352

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, the re-use of food for animal feed can be included as part of the prevention strategies such as the last chance to use food and its nutritional properties before it turns into waste, and thus treated through anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration or landfill. Several studies demonstrate that food waste-derived feed is an adequate alternative when properly supplemented [16,17] and a number of East Asian states have in the last 20 years introduced systems for the safe recycling of food waste into animal feed [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pet Food as the Most Concrete Strategy for Using Food Waste as Feedstuff within the European Context: A Feasibility Study

et al. 2018

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Food loss and waste have a negative environmental impact due to the water, land, energy and other natural resources used to produce the wasted food, along with post-consumption disposal costs. Reducing food waste will thus help improve sustainability and decrease the environmental impact of the food system. Using food waste for animal feed is of growing importance in terms of the policies targeted at tackling food waste but the current legal framework in the European Union (EU) strongly restricts the possibility of using food waste for this purpose. The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of innovative measures for feed production in the EU and to identify the best strategies to implement them. First, a technical evaluation of a case study is presented, which is a process developed in the United States for urban food waste transformation into animal feed. Second, there is an analysis of the potential application of this process in the European Union within the current legal framework. The results reveal that the feed product derived from food waste is compliant with EU safety requirements and is nutritionally valuable. This work also suggests that the implementation of this kind of process in the European Union has great potential, provided that food surplus is recovered and treated before it turns into waste and that the different types of food surplus identified are used as feed for the right animal type in accordance with European legislation (i.e., livestock, aquarium fish, pets). On these terms, pet food can be the most concrete strategy for using food waste within the European context. In general, the implementation of feed-from-food measures to reduce food waste in Europe is already possible and does not need to wait for further policy interventions.

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“…It was suggested that FW-derived animal feed is an adequate alternative for use in animal diets; however, the feeding methods may need to be changed for different qualities of feed because the presence of bovine-and sheep-derived materials or certain chemical contaminants may not meet European Union (EU) standards, such as Regulation (EC) No. 1069/2009(Chen et al, 2015). It should be noted that EU guidelines state that FW should preferentially be used as animal feed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FW generated by households is typically mixed and disposed of with MSW in landfills and incinerators, accounting for 60-78% of waste disposed of by these methods(Raninger, 2009;Zhang et al, 2010). However, due to the high moisture and organic matter content of FW, neither landfilling nor incineration is an environmentally benign and economically efficient method for the ultimate disposal of FW(Kalia, 2016).Minimizing air, soil, and groundwater pollution associated with landfills has already been realized in countries such as Germany through the implementation of the ‗Technical Instructions on Municipal Solid Waste' in 2005(Siedlungsabfall, 1993).This action should also be taken in China.Thermal pretreatment (TP) is usually applied after pretreatment to achieve the effects of sterilization(Chen et al, 2015), homogenization, and solubilization of organic matters so that subsequent biological processes can be enhanced. It can also facilitate the oil separation and enhance oil extraction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current status of food waste generation and management in China

Jin

Borrion

et al. 2019

Bioresource Technology

Self Cite

144

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The current status of FW generation, including its characteristics, management, and current challenges in China, were analyzed, and further suggestions were made with regards to improvement. About 19.50% of the FW generated could be treated under the current designs for treatment capacity in China. FW characteristics show great * * Corresponding author. Address: (Y. Jin). Recently, the rapid development of the Chinese economy and the growing environmental consciousness of the government and citizens have also led to the rapid development of FW treatment capacity in China. As an important means of environmental protection, the construction of FW treatment plants has attracted considerable attention. China has made major contributions to its FW management capacity. Between 2011 and 2015, 100 pilot projects were established by four ministries † to enhance FW resource recovery. FW treatment typically consists of † Chinese National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Ministry of Environmental Protection and Ministry of Agriculture 3 anaerobic digestion (AD), composting, and animal feeding, while the treatment capacity of these methods ranges from 20 to 3990 tons per day. There is still a large gap between the amount of FW generated and designed capacity (30,000 tons per day) according to the 12 th Five-year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the Peoples Republic of China (2011 to 2015). Moreover, China has issued specified policies and regulations on FW management (Bi et al., 2016). However, the FW generated in different regions and seasons often varies in terms of total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), crude protein (CP), Carbohydrate (CA), and ether extract (EE)compositions (Galanakis, 2015). Therefore, the high production and significant variation in the composition of FW creates a large challenge for countries with a vast area, large population and the major differences between regions, urban and rural areas, and ethnic groups.The rapid construction of FW treatment facilities during the 12 th five-year plan has been completed and the 13 th five-year plan (2016 to 2020) has recently been released. This is a good opportunity to summarize and analyze the current state of FW management in China. FW treatment in China consists of a variety of processing technologies, treatment scales, and recycling methods, and this state-of-the-art review will assess to identify a focus for researchers and engineers to support future policies and business innovations. However, little systematic research on the current state of FW management in China is available. Information from previous relevant studies needs to be updated, and some results, such as the amount of FW generated nationally, are inconsistent (40 to 90 million tons per year) (De Clercq et al., 2016;Yang et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2014). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of FW treatment facilities in mainland China and clearly identify future research directions.The review cov...

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A safety analysis of food waste-derived animal feeds from three typical conversion techniques in China

Cited by 51 publications

References 19 publications

Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options

Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options

Pet Food as the Most Concrete Strategy for Using Food Waste as Feedstuff within the European Context: A Feasibility Study

Current status of food waste generation and management in China

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