A second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone: cDNAand expression pattern in the brain.

White, Stephanie A.; Bond, Chris T.; Francis, Robert C.; Kasten, Thomas L.; Fernald, Russell D.; Adelman, John P.

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.4.1423

Cited by 67 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Given the small number of cells expressing this neuropeptide (~300) (Soma et al, 1996;Munz, 1999), confirmation of GnRH1 regulation by our microarray analysis provides an important cross-validation and confirms the sensitivity of the array even when using whole-brain RNA. As predicted from previous studies (White et al, 1994;White et al, 2002), our results also confirmed that the other two forms of GnRH, GnRH2, (midbrain) and GnRH3 (terminal nerve), are not regulated according to male social phenotype (BPP=0.366 and 0.700, respectively). None of the GnRH receptor sub-types on the array were significantly regulated, although studies have demonstrated their regulation in the pituitary relative to sexual maturity and social status (Parhar et al, 2005;Au et al, 2006).…”

Section: Candidate Genessupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Below, for the first time, we provide a combined analysis of these neuroendocrine pathways in A. burtoni. As predicted from previous studies using ribonuclease protection assays and in situ hybridization, among the three GnRH neuropeptide genes that are expressed in the brain of fish, only GnRH1, the form expressed in the POA (White et al, 1994;White et al, 2002), showed highly significant regulation in the microarray results (BPP=0.9998), with D males having higher levels. Given the small number of cells expressing this neuropeptide (~300) (Soma et al, 1996;Munz, 1999), confirmation of GnRH1 regulation by our microarray analysis provides an important cross-validation and confirms the sensitivity of the array even when using whole-brain RNA.…”

Section: Candidate Genesmentioning

confidence: 63%

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C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

et al. 2004

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SUMMARYBehavior and physiology are regulated by both environment and social context. A central goal in the study of the social control of behavior is to determine the underlying physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms in the brain. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni has long been used as a model system to study how social interactions regulate neural and behavioral plasticity. In this species, males are either socially dominant and reproductively active or subordinate and reproductively suppressed. This phenotypic difference is reversible. Using an integrative approach that combines quantitative behavioral measurements, functional genomics and bioinformatic analyses, we examine neural gene expression in dominant and subordinate males as well as in brooding females. We confirm the role of numerous candidate genes that are part of neuroendocrine pathways and show that specific co-regulated gene sets (modules), as well as specific functional gene ontology categories, are significantly associated with either dominance or reproductive state. Finally, even though the dominant and subordinate phenotypes are robustly defined, we find a surprisingly high degree of individual variation in the transcript levels of the very genes that are differentially regulated between these phenotypes. The results of the present study demonstrate the molecular complexity in the brain underlying social behavior, identify novel targets for future studies, validate many candidate genes and exploit individual variation in order to gain biological insights. Supplementary material available online at

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Section: Candidate Genessupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Candidate Genesmentioning

confidence: 63%

C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

et al. 2004

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“…2A. Products were cloned and screened as described (10) In Situ Hybridization. Social status was determined through behavioral observations (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cDNA synthesis was as described (10). In nested PCRs, the downstream primer was bipartite, including a HindIII recognition site plus (dT)17.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide.

White

Kasten

Bond

et al. 1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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194

132

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is known and named for its essential role in vertebrate reproduction. Release of this decapeptide from neurons in the hypothalamus controls pituitary gonadotropin levels which, in turn, regulate gonadal state. The importance of GnRH is underscored by its widespread expression and conservation across vertebrate taxa: five amino acids are invariant in all nine known forms, whereas two others show only conservative changes. In most eutherian mammals, only one form, expressed in the hypothalamus, is thought to exist, although in a recent report, antibody staining in developing primates suggests an additional form. In contrast, multiple GnRH forms and expression loci have been reported in many non-mammalian vertebrates. However, evidence based on immunological discrimination does not always agree with analysis of gene expression, since GnRH forms encoded by different genes may not be reliably distinguished by antibodies. Here we report the expression of three distinct GnRH genes in a teleost fish brain, including the sequence encoding a novel GnRH preprohormone. Using in situ hybridization, we show that this form is found only in neurons that project to the pituitary and exhibit changes in soma size depending on social and reproductive state. The other two GnRH genes are expressed in other, distinct cell populations. All three genes share the motif of encoding a polypeptide consisting of GnRH and a GnRH-associated peptide. Whereas the GnRH moiety is highly conserved, the GnRH-associated peptides are not, reflecting differential selective pressure on different parts of the gene. GnRH forms expressed in nonhypothalamic regions may serve to coordinate reproductive activities of the animal.

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“…In teleost fish, the cDNA coding for sGnRH was first isolated from African cichlids Haplochromis burtoni (Bond et al 1991). Then, the cDNA for cGnRH-II has been isolated from several teleost fish, e.g., African cichlids (White et al 1994), African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bogerd et al 1994) and goldfish (Lin and Peter 1996), the cDNA for sGnRH from several teleost fish, e.g., masu salmon (Suzuki et al 1992), Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Klungland et al 1992), red seabream Pagrus major (Okuzawa et al 1994), plainfin midshipman Porichthys notatus (Grober et al 1995), sockeye salmon (Ashihara et al 1995), goldfish (Lin and Peter 1996), cDNA for catfish GnRH (cfGnRH) from African catfish (Bogerd et al 1994), and cDNA for seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) from several teleost fish, e.g., African cichlid (White et al 1995) and from red seabream (Okuzawa et al 1997). In general, a GnRH precursor is composed of a signal peptide (SP), GnRH and a GnRHassociated peptide (GAP), which is connected to GnRH by a Gly-Lys-Arg sequence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive Biology of Salmoniform and Pleuronectiform Fishes with Special Reference to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Amano¹

2010

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Keywords • GnRH AbstractA salmonid fish, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou, has salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH-II (cGnRH-II), while a pleuronectiform fish, barfin flounder Verasper moseri, has sGnRH, cGnRH-II and seabream GnRH (sbGnRH). In masu salmon, sGnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies are scattered from the olfactory nerve through the ventral telencephalon (VT) and the preoptic area (POA). cGnRH-II-ir cell bodies are located in the midbrain tegmentum (MT). sGnRH but not cGnRH-II is detected in the pituitary. sGnRH peptide levels and sGnRH mRNA levels in the VT and the POA increased during gonadal maturation. sGnRH neurons are derived from the olfactory epithelium and migrate into the brain. In barfin flounder, sGnRH-ir, cGnRH-II-ir, and sbGnRH-ir cell bodies are located in the olfactory bulbs and the terminal nerve ganglion (TN), the MT, and the POA, respectively, and these neurons do not migrate in the brain. sbGnRH is detected in the pituitary. sbGnRH mRNA levels in the brain increased during gonadal maturation. Although three GnRH systems exist in the barfin flounder, anatomical distinction between the TN-and the POA-GnRH systems is not clear in masu salmon. Thus, it is suggested that sGnRH neurons in masu salmon play different roles according to the location in the brain. General introductionGonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide originally isolated from pig and sheep hypothalami as a physiologic regulator of luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary (Matsuo et al. 1971;Burgus et al. 1972). At present, it is generally accepted that GnRH regulates synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropin (GTH) (see King and Millar 1992;Sherwood et al. 1993). It has been shown that two or three molecular forms of GnRH exist, even within the same species (Oka 1997;Okuzawa and Kobayashi 1999;Okubo and Nagahama 2008). In addition, GnRH can act as a neuromodulator and has also been implicated in reproductive behavior in many species including teleost fish such as dwarf gourami Colisa lalia (Yamamoto et al. 1997) and goldfish Carassius auratus (Volkoff and Peter 1999).To date, 15 forms of GnRHs have been identified based on their primary structure or complementary DNAs (cDNAs) in vertebrates, as shown in Fig. 1 (Okubo and Nagahama 2008;Kavanaugh et al. 2008). GnRH forms are traditionally named after the species from which they were first identified. In addition to vertebrate species, GnRH was isolated in invertebrates: e.g., in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis (Powell et al. 1996;Adams et al. 2003), octopus Octopus vulgaris (Iwakoshi et al. 2002) and the sea hare Aplysia californica (Zhang et al. 2008).In mammalian, avian, reptilian, and amphibian animals, GnRH is conveyed to the pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels ( Fig. 2A). In mammals, pulsatile release of mammalian GnRH (mGnRH) by hypothalamic neurons stimulates GTH secretion from the pituitary. However, teleost fishes lack the median eminence. Instead, GnRH neurons are found to directly...

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A second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone: cDNAand expression pattern in the brain.

Cited by 67 publications

References 43 publications

C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide.

Reproductive Biology of Salmoniform and Pleuronectiform Fishes with Special Reference to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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