“…Figure 3d-f show the C 1s XPS spectra of the ZTO thin film pre-annealed at RT, 120 °C, and 220 °C, respectively. The C 1s peaks were deconvoluted into four subpeaks centered at 284.4, 285.9, 287.3, and 289.4 eV, which were attributed to C-C/C-H, C-O, C〓O, and O-C〓O, respectively[24]. The intensity of the C 1 peak was considerably higher in the ZTO thin film pre-annealed at RT than that of the films obtained at other temperatures.…”