A Study Guide to Epidemiology and Biostatistics.

Kupper, Lawrence L.; Morton, Richard F.; Hebel, J. Richard

doi:10.2307/2286437

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Some questions regarding public space design has already been raised [ 81 ], and short-term density reduction has been implemented in terms of tourism [ 82 ]. In addition, fewer human activities have been observed during and after the pandemic [ 83 , 84 ]. A previous study has shown that the timings of the social distancing policy is important with a similar ABM [ 85 ], but most findings are either related to epidemics or their side effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitor Capacity Considering Social Distancing in Urban Parks with Agent-Based Modeling

Yue

Burley

Cui

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced society in the past few years. Park accessibility and social distancing are considered important under the threat of a long-term epidemic. However, measures that can maintain park accessibility and diminish virus spreading synchronously have been seldom studied before, which may threaten public health in all major urban parks globally. This paper proposed a methodology based on an agent-based model to analyze capacities for parks by simulating park visitor behaviors when they all are social distancing. The model was derived from historical visitor data and realistic visitor behaviors in three park settings. Then, park capacities of varied contact conditions, different park policies, and layout adjustments were analyzed. First, congestions caused by social distancing without proper visitor control are found inside all parks. Second, 85 to 3972 square meters per person is predicted as a safe space in different parks. Third, the current results can be easily adjusted according to various concerns regarding infection distance and rate. Finally, it can be inferred that information provisions are more effective than space design adjustments and mandatory measures. The results can guide park managers and those who plan and design park settings. They are also helpful in improving knowledge of the mechanisms behind visitor behaviors. Moreover, these findings can be tested and verified in a variety of public spaces with many other contact-based illnesses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visitor Capacity Considering Social Distancing in Urban Parks with Agent-Based Modeling

Yue

Burley

Cui

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Stereotactic fine-needle aspiration cytology of nonpalpable breast lesions: An analysis of 258 consecutive aspirates

Sarfati

Fox

Warneke

et al. 1994

The American Journal of Surgery

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Selective mutism: Phenomenological characteristics.

Ford¹,

Sladeczek²,

Carlson³

et al. 1998

School Psychology Quarterly

108

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The purpose of this study was to gain phenomenological information about Selective Mutism (SM) in the following areas: (a) mute and variant talking patterns that occur prior to the identification of SM and/or which occur as conditions within the SM syndrome, (b) events that precipitate SM, (c) biological vulnerabilities for SM in terms of anxiety and temperament variables, (d) characteristics associated with SM, (e) other problems experienced with SM, and (f) school and social competencies. A comprehensive survey included 153 participants who had experience with SM, 135 of whom were under 18 years of age and 18 of whom were 18 years of age or older. Evidence supported three theoretical assumptions. First, results supported the existence of variant talking behaviors (talking with less frequency, volume, and spontaneity than usual), in addition to mutism, prior to the identification of SM and as part of the SM syndrome. Setting (home, school, community) affected the rate of occurrence for mute and variant talking behaviors, with these behaviors occurring primarily in the school and community settings. Second, evidence supported a link between SM and social anxiety or phobia. Participants who no longer had SM continued to experience problems conversing and discomfort in social situations. Internalized problems were significantly greater than Externalized problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). Item analysis of these two scales also revealed anxiety symptoms for children with SM. Third, we found support of the notion that persons with SM may have characteristics similar to behaviorally inhibited or slow-to-warm children, suggesting a potential link between temperament and SM. As infants or toddlers, participants typically did not respond well to new stimuli. They also had difficulty handling transition or change. Implications for future research are presented.

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A Study Guide to Epidemiology and Biostatistics.

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Visitor Capacity Considering Social Distancing in Urban Parks with Agent-Based Modeling

Visitor Capacity Considering Social Distancing in Urban Parks with Agent-Based Modeling

Stereotactic fine-needle aspiration cytology of nonpalpable breast lesions: An analysis of 258 consecutive aspirates

Selective mutism: Phenomenological characteristics.

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