A Study of the Surface Wax Deposits on Apple Fruit

Hall, D. M.

doi:10.1071/bi9661017

Cited by 41 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…However, according to Fitter and Hay (1981), the rate of cuticular transpiration in plants depends upon the thickness, continuity and composition of the cuticle. Furthermore Hall (1966) found that removal of wax from apple fruits by any method caused an increase in transpiration rate. Our observations on AS.…”

Section: Cuticular Transpirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE STRUCTURE OF THE CUTICLE IN RELATION TO CUTICULAR TRANSPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE HALOPHYTE SUAEDA MARITIMA (L.) DUM.

1983

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SUMMARYBoth cuticle and cell wall of the epidermal cells of leaves of Suaeda maritima showed a considerable increase in thickness (approximately 1-8 times) in plants grown in the presence of 0-34 M sodium chloride when compared with plants grown without added sodium chloride. Differences in the structure of the cuticle were also observed. The rate of transpiration in the dark was markedly reduced with increasing concentrations of salt in the external medium. Cuticular transpiration appears to be related to cuticular thickness and to fall with increasing salinity.

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Section: Cuticular Transpirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE STRUCTURE OF THE CUTICLE IN RELATION TO CUTICULAR TRANSPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE HALOPHYTE SUAEDA MARITIMA (L.) DUM.

1983

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“…Numerous modifications for improving the preparation of heavy metal shadowed carbon replicas from plant tissue surfaces for examination in the transmission electron microscope have been described (e.g., 1,5,10,11,13,38) since the introduction of this approach by JUNIPER and BRADLEY in 1958 (17). In addition, we are aware of two laboratories that have described the successful preparation of platinum shadowed replicas at room temperature (1,2,28,37).…”

Section: The Direct Platinum Shadowed Replica Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Simpson

Wettstein-Knowles

1980

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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A direct platinum replica technique is described for studying cuticle surfaces with few or no projecting wax structures. It is furthermore demonstrated that the structure of some small plate waxes can be elucidated using negative staining.Three types of epicuticular waxes are present on barley cuticular surfaces: (i) long, thin tubes and 13-diketone lipids characterize that on the glumes, lemmas and uppermost leaf sheaths; (ii) highly lobed plates, large amounts of primary alcohols (predominantly C26) and an absence of ~-diketone lipids characterize that on the leaf blades and lower leaf sheaths; and (iii) thin plates, frequently horizontal to the surface, major amounts of hydrocarbons and esters and an absence of ~,-diketone lipids characterize that on the awns. When mutations cause the absence or a major reduction of the dominating lipids in one of the first two types of waxes, the wax deposits resemble the third type.The mutation cer-s 31 restricts the presence of wax tubes to patches on the lemmas, paleas and glumes giving them a grainy appearance. While the effect is greatest on the lemmas of the median floret rows, the reduction of the l~-diketone lipids is similar on both median and lateral spikelets. In the double mutant hex-v 3 cer-s 3~ the lateral florets become fertile, but the differential effect of cer-s 31 on the median and lateral rows is retained.Abbreviations: C/Au/Pd replica = gold-palladium pre-shadowed carbon replica; GLC = gas liquid chromatography; Pt/C replica = direct platinum shadowed replica; TLC = thin layer chromatography.

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“…For example. Hall (1966) found that the removal of wax from the fruit of apples increased the rate at which they transpired. Gmcarevic and Radler (1971) stated that careful removal of the surface wax of grapes was almost as effective as peeling in promoting water evaporation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pathways of water loss from legumes and grasses cut for conservation

Harris¹,

Tullberg²

1980

Grass and Forage Science

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IntroductionThe slow loss of water from crops cut for high dry-matter silage, pre-wilting before grass drying and particularly from crops cut for hay, causes loss of dry matter and reduction in nutritive value. The total loss of dry matter can be very large and Klinner (1976) states that as much as 30% of the dry matter in the original crop can be lost during hay-making. In addition to the purely mechanical losses caused by fragmentation, dry matter can be lost as a result of continued respiration after a crop has been cut and Greenhill (1959) found that 7% ofthe original dry matter in ryegrass and white clover could be lost in this way. Woods (1972) calculated from the data of Pizarro and James (1972) that 7% of the dry matter in peretinial ryegrass could be lost in a 9-day drying period as a result of continued respiration. Rain falling on to a cut crop will increase losses by leaching out soluble nutrients and the losses are greater if the crop has been mechanically damaged to increase drying rate. Thus Kormos and Chestnutt (1968) found that laceration increased leaching losses. Demedde and Wilmschen (1969) subjected grass of low water content to simulated rainfall and found that the serious losses of dry matter which occurred were greater if the grass had been previously crushed.Mechanical conditioning treatments such as crushing, crimping and flailing have been used for many years to accelerate the field drying of forage crops. Reviews by Bruhn (1959) and Klinner (1975) indicate that greater severity of treatment produced bigger increases in drying rate but also resulted in greater losses of dry matter. While mechanical treatments open new pathways of water loss by physical rupture of tissues, chemical conditioning treatments could facilitate water loss from the existing pathways by reducing stomatal and cuticular resistance. Such treatment may avoid the losses associated with mechanical conditioning.The pathways of water loss have been the subject of considerable research effort in the case of the growing plant, but the literature on the function of these pathways in the cut plant is much less extensive. The reduction in the water content of the growing plant during 1 day resulting from the excess of transpiration over water uptake is very small compared to the reductions which are necessary to produce hay which can be safely stored. Thus Willard (1931), showed that, with lucerne, soya beans, red clover, sweet clover and alsike clover, the decrease of water concentration during the day is never more than 3%. With grasses, Greenhill (1936) observed a similar fall in water concentration between 09.30 and 15.00 hours. It is therefore unlikely that data on the loss of water from the growing plant will be relevant to the process of drying in the cut plant, except in the very early stages. A further area of interest in the drying plant is the extent to which stem water continues to be transferred to and lost from the leaves after cutting.The object of this paper is to review existing literature on these topics...

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A Study of the Surface Wax Deposits on Apple Fruit

Cited by 41 publications

References 11 publications

THE STRUCTURE OF THE CUTICLE IN RELATION TO CUTICULAR TRANSPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE HALOPHYTE SUAEDA MARITIMA (L.) DUM.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE CUTICLE IN RELATION TO CUTICULAR TRANSPIRATION IN LEAVES OF THE HALOPHYTE SUAEDA MARITIMA (L.) DUM.

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Pathways of water loss from legumes and grasses cut for conservation

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