A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler

Fujii, Minoru; Shinohara, Naohide; Lim, Ai Phing; Otake, Takamitsu; Kumagai, Kazukiyo; Yanagisawa, Yukio

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.026

Cited by 169 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This general technique has been demonstrated by Maddalena et al (2002). Methods to determine SVOCs emission from surfaces using passive flux samplers have also been implemented for a variety of plastic materials (Fujii et al 2003). …”

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confidence: 99%

Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: A review of reported data and information needs

Destaillats

Maddalena

Singer

et al. 2008

Atmospheric Environment

322

184

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There is concern that potentially harmful pollutants may be emitted from office equipment. Although office equipment has been a focal point for governmental efforts to promote energy efficiency through programs such as the US EPA's Energy Star, little is known about the relationship between office equipment use and indoor air quality, and information on pollutant emissions is sparse. In this review, we summarize available information on emission rates and/or ambient concentrations of various pollutants that are related to office equipment use. Experimental methods used in the characterization of emissions are briefly described. The office equipment evaluated in this review includes computers (desktops and notebooks), printers (laser, ink-jet and all-in-one machines) and photocopy machines. Reported emission rates of the following pollutant groups are summarized: volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), ozone, particulate matter and several semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs). The latter include phthalate esters, brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We also review studies reporting airborne concentrations in indoor environments where office equipment was present and thought to be a significant contributor to the total pollutant burden (offices, residences, schools, electronics recycling plants). For certain pollutants, such as organophosphate flame retardants, the link between emission by office equipment and indoor air concentrations is relatively well established. However, indoor VOCs, ozone, PAHs and phthalate esters can originate from a variety of sources, and their source apportionment is less straightforward. This literature review identifies substances of toxicological significance, with the purpose of serving as a guide to evaluate their potential importance with respect to human exposures. Submitted to Atmos. Environ. IntroductionThe last few decades have seen major changes in the work environment. , 2001). In addition, the use of notebook computers spanning both work and non-work environments is on the rise.There is concern that potentially harmful pollutants may be emitted from office equipment. As summarized below, office equipment has been found to be a source of ozone, particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Among the chemicals emitted by office equipment are VOCs and SVOCs that have been associated with occupational symptoms such as eye, nose or throat irritation, headache and fatigue (Mendell et al. 2002;Wolkoff et al. 2006).The widespread and growing use of office equipment by a large fraction of the population in their workplaces, homes, and schools and the incomplete and fragmented evidence of this equipment as a source of health-relevant indoor air pollutants provide compelling arguments for a systematic evaluation of pollutant emissions. Since distributed desktop computers and associated displays are in close proximity to people, research on pollutant emissions from off...

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confidence: 99%

Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: A review of reported data and information needs

Destaillats

Maddalena

Singer

et al. 2008

Atmospheric Environment

322

184

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“…Several studies of potential adverse health effects of PAE suggest an endocrinedisrupting activity (Caldwell, 2012). PAE are not covalently bound to polymers, and can easily migrate into the environment during manufacturing, use and disposal of plastics (Staples et al, 1997;Mersiowsky et al, 2001;Fujii et al, 2003;Afshari et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual strategy for the anoxic biodegradation of phthalate

et al. 2016

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In the past two decades, the study of oxygen-independent degradation of widely abundant aromatic compounds in anaerobic bacteria has revealed numerous unprecedented enzymatic principles. Surprisingly, the organisms, metabolites and enzymes involved in the degradation of o-phthalate (1,2-dicarboxybenzene), mainly derived from phthalate esters that are annually produced at the million ton scale, are sparsely known. Here, we demonstrate a previously unknown capacity of complete phthalate degradation in established aromatic compound-degrading, denitrifying model organisms of the genera Thauera, Azoarcus and 'Aromatoleum'. Differential proteome analyses revealed phthalate-induced gene clusters involved in uptake and conversion of phthalate to the central intermediate benzoyl-CoA. Enzyme assays provided in vitro evidence for the formation of phthaloyl-CoA by a succinyl-CoA-and phthalate-specific CoA transferase, which is essential for the subsequent oxygen-sensitive decarboxylation to benzoyl-CoA. The extreme instability of the phthaloyl-CoA intermediate requires highly balanced CoA transferase and decarboxylase activities to avoid its cellular accumulation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed phthaloyl-CoA decarboxylase as a novel member of the UbiD-like, (de)carboxylase enzyme family. Homologs of the encoding gene form a phylogenetic cluster and are found in soil, freshwater and marine bacteria; an ongoing global distribution of a possibly only recently evolved degradation pathway is suggested.

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“…However, it is impossible or impractical to use these methods on-site in actual rooms because the emission sources to be measured must be placed in a desiccator or a chamber. Recently, field and laboratory emission cells (FLEC) (Risholm-Sundman et al, 1999;Uhde et al, 1998;Wolkoff et al, 1991), a passive flux sampler (PFS) (Fujii et al, 2003;Shinohara et al, 2001;Shinohara et al, 2007;Blondel & Plaisance, 2011), a passive emission colorimetric sensor (PECS) (Shinohara et al, 2008), and an advanced diffusive sampling emission cell (ADSEC) Aoki et al, 2000) have been proposed and applied to measure the emission rates in the field. In this study, the 24-h average levels of indoor formaldehyde were measured for 7 days over five seasons in 26 houses to obtain the chronic exposure levels of formaldehyde.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Indoor Concentrations and Emission Sources of Formaldehyde in Japanese Residences

Shinohara¹,

Mizukoshi²,

Kataoka³

et al. 2011

Advanced Topics in Environmental Health and Air Pollution Case Studies

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A study on emission of phthalate esters from plastic materials using a passive flux sampler

Cited by 169 publications

References 13 publications

Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: A review of reported data and information needs

Indoor pollutants emitted by office equipment: A review of reported data and information needs

An unusual strategy for the anoxic biodegradation of phthalate

Distribution of Indoor Concentrations and Emission Sources of Formaldehyde in Japanese Residences

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