A study on nitric oxide, β-adrenergic receptors and antioxidant status in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the patients of depression

Oxidative Stress and Major Depression

“…This study hypothesized that reduced nitrite levels could reflect a decreased nitric oxide production in the central nervous system of depressed patients which further can play a role in mediating cardiovascular dysfunction often found in major depressive disorder. A study by Srivastava et al, revealed that nitrite content in the depressive subject decreases than normal one [24]. In our study also we found lowered levels of nitrite in patients of major depression although it was not significant (p = 0.1789) however only five of our patients had significant cardiovascular history which may implicate that nitric oxide production in our patient population was not attenuated to severe degree to be significant.…”

Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications

“…Human studies have reported a number of oxidative disturbances in patients with major depression, including oxidative damage in erythrocytic membranes as suggested by the depletion of omega-3 fatty acids (Peet et al, 1998); elevated lipid peroxidation products (Bilici et al, 2001;Khanzode et al, 2003;Sarandol et al, 2007b;Selley, 2004) ; oxidative DNA damage (Forlenza and Miller, 2006) ; reduced serum vitamins C (Khanzode et al, 2003) and E (Maes et al, 2000;Owen et al, 2005), the latter of which was not accounted for by dietary insufficiency (Owen et al, 2005) ; increased concentrations of the endogenous inhibitor of endothelial NO synthase asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) (Selley, 2004) and decreased NO (Selley, 2004;Srivastava et al, 2002). Albumin, which has antioxidant activity, has also been reported to be compromised in major depression (Van Hunsel et al, 1996).…”

“…Albumin, which has antioxidant activity, has also been reported to be compromised in major depression (Van Hunsel et al, 1996). Findings of altered antioxidant enzyme levels have been mixed, with reports of elevated SOD (Bilici et al, 2001;Khanzode et al, 2003;Sarandol et al, 2007b), GSH-Px and GR (Bilici et al, 2001), diminished SOD (Herken et al, 2007), and no change (Srivastava et al, 2002). In one study of major depressive disorder patients who had been medication-free for at least 2 months, the plasma total antioxidant potential and (Bilici et al, 2001) Improved MDA, SOD and vitamin C levels with SSRIs for 3 months 62 (Khanzode et al, 2003) Improved SOD and NO levels after antidepressant treatment for 8 wk 36 (Herken et al, 2007) No significant changes in oxidative markers with 6 wk of antidepressant treatment 96 (Sarandol et al, 2007b) Preclinical studies Mice Replenish glutathione depletion ; prevent and/or reverse shockinduced behavioural depression Imipramine, maprotiline, fluvoxamine, trazodone (Pal and Dandiya, 1994) Rats Correction of GSH-Px, glutathione, vitamin C, and lipid peroxidation levels in the stress-induced depression model Venlafaxine (Eren et al, 2007b) Modulation of antioxidant proteins Venlafaxine, fluoxetine (Khawaja et al, 2004) Improvement of depression-related lipid peroxidation, and GSH-Px, glutathione and vitamin C depletion Lamotrigine, aripiprazole, escitalopram (Eren et al, 2007a) In-vitro cell studies…”

Lymphocyte Levels of Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factors and Antioxidative Enzymes as Indicators of Pro-Oxidative State in Depressive Patients

“…Regarding the AOEs, while some authors found decreased [23] or unchanged [24] SOD activity in depressed patients, many others reported a significant increase in SOD activity during the acute phase of illness in different components of peripheral blood [25,26,27,28,29]. Likewise, CAT activity was found to be unchanged [25,30] or increased [28,29] in MDD patients. Concerning enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, it was shown that GPx activity was decreased [31,32,33] or unchanged [25,28,30], while GSH levels were reported to be reduced [31] in the blood of MDD patients compared to healthy subjects.…”

“…Likewise, CAT activity was found to be unchanged [25,30] or increased [28,29] in MDD patients. Concerning enzymes involved in GSH metabolism, it was shown that GPx activity was decreased [31,32,33] or unchanged [25,28,30], while GSH levels were reported to be reduced [31] in the blood of MDD patients compared to healthy subjects. This data inconsistency with regard to AOEs in MDD could be a consequence of methodological approach, since the data reflect AOE activities in serum, plasma, red blood cells or leucocytes of patients with different stages of illness and thus they rather indicate systematic changes in redox state in the peripheral blood of these patients.…”