A Survey and Comparison of Some of the Most Prominent QKD Protocols

Nandal, Rainu; Nandal, Ashish; Joshi, Kamaldeep; Rathee, Arvind Kumar

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3769123

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It typically operates using polarization or phase encoding schemes to encode the random quantum information. Protocols such as BB84, B92, and SARG04 are well-known in the DV-QKD [ 22 , 52 ]. Error Correction A process to identify and correct errors in the quantum key transmission.…”

Section: Appendix A1 Classical Key Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…QKD is currently at the forefront of innovative communications technologies and is typically advertised as the next-generation security technology that, unlike conventional techniques, does not expire when bigger computers are built. QKD has been demonstrated for securing communications between parties on Earth [20] as well as between Earth and satellites [21,22]. To implement QKD, we first note that there are different modalities of QKD.…”

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It typically operates using polarization or phase encoding schemes to encode the random quantum information. Protocols such as BB84, B92, and SARG04 are well-known in the DV-QKD [22,52].…”

Section: Term Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams

Green,

Lawrence,

Siopsis

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility’s control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation.

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Section: Appendix A1 Classical Key Encryptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams

Green,

Lawrence,

Siopsis

et al. 2023

Sensors

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show abstract

“…The literature on the evolution of QKD has highlighted several advantages and disadvantages concerning possible attack scenarios and perceived weaknesses [49]. Different theories exist in the literature stemming from variations of the original BB84 protocol of Bennett-Brassard.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Key Distribution: Modeling and Simulation through BB84 Protocol Using Python3

Adu-Kyere

Nigussie

Isoaho

2022

Sensors

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Autonomous “Things” is becoming the future trend as the role, and responsibility of IoT keep diversifying. Its applicability and deployment need to re-stand technological advancement. The versatile security interaction between IoTs in human-to-machine and machine-to-machine must also endure mathematical and computational cryptographic attack intricacies. Quantum cryptography uses the laws of quantum mechanics to generate a secure key by manipulating light properties for secure end-to-end communication. We present a proof-of-principle via a communication architecture model and implementation to simulate these laws of nature. The model relies on the BB84 quantum key distribution(QKD) protocol with two scenarios, without and with the presence of an eavesdropper via the interception-resend attack model from a theoretical, methodological, and practical perspective. The proposed simulation initiates communication over a quantum channel for polarized photon transmission after a pre-agreed configuration over a Classic Channel with parameters. Simulation implementation results confirm that the presence of an eavesdropper is detectable during key generation due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty and no-cloning principles. An eavesdropper has a 0.5 probability of guessing transmission qubit and 0.25 for the polarization state. During simulation re-iterations, a base-mismatch process discarded about 50 percent of the total initial key bits with an Error threshold of 0.11 percent.

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Simulation and Comparison of BB84 and SSP99 QKD Protocols

Nandal,

Nandal

2024

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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A Survey and Comparison of Some of the Most Prominent QKD Protocols

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams

Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams

Quantum Key Distribution: Modeling and Simulation through BB84 Protocol Using Python3

Simulation and Comparison of BB84 and SSP99 QKD Protocols

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