A survey of the potency of Japanese illicit cannabis in fiscal year 2010

Tsumura, Yukari; Aoki, Rikiya; Tokieda, Yoshio; Akutsu, Mamoru; Kawase, Yasuharu; Kataoka, Tadashi; Takagi, Toshiyuki; Mizuno, Tomomi; Fukada, Masakatsu; Fujii, Hiroshi; Kurahashi, Kazumi

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.005

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The average THC percentage of more than 15% is relatively high compared with studies performed in other countries [19][20][21]. Partly, this might be because we analysed samples purchased at the retail level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There also remains considerable variability in THC levels within and across studies, as well as according to location, season, quality and freshness and type of cannabis (e.g., very high levels in Dutch niederweet ; sinsemilla vs. ditchweed vs. hashish ) [2], [5], [6], [7], [9], [10], [11]. Despite these caveats, more recent short-term studies of cannabis seizures in disparate geographic regions confirm a consistent pattern of a predominance of THC and low or negligible levels of other important cannabinoids such as CBD, particularly in samples identified as sinsemilla [12], [13], [14]. While there have been sporadic early reports of individual samples containing high THC levels [15], it has been proposed that this current pattern may be linked to a number of factors, including selective breeding of certain cannabis strains with a high THC/low CBD level, a preference for female plants ( sinsemilla ), the rise of widespread intensive indoor cannabis cultivation (a controlled growing environment), and global availability of seeds and equipment over the internet [6], [7], [8], [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent analysis of the cannabinoid content of cannabis plants suggests a shift towards use of high potency plant material with high levels of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and low levels of other phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD). Use of this type of cannabis is thought by some to predispose to greater adverse outcomes on mental health and fewer therapeutic benefits. Australia has one of the highest per capita rates of cannabis use in the world yet there has been no previous systematic analysis of the cannabis being used. In the present study we examined the cannabinoid content of 206 cannabis samples that had been confiscated by police from recreational users holding 15 g of cannabis or less, under the New South Wales “Cannabis Cautioning” scheme. A further 26 “Known Provenance” samples were analysed that had been seized by police from larger indoor or outdoor cultivation sites rather than from street level users. An HPLC method was used to determine the content of 9 cannabinoids: THC, CBD, cannabigerol (CBG), and their plant-based carboxylic acid precursors THC-A, CBD-A and CBG-A, as well as cannabichromene (CBC), cannabinol (CBN) and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THC-V). The “Cannabis Cautioning” samples showed high mean THC content (THC+THC-A = 14.88%) and low mean CBD content (CBD+CBD-A = 0.14%). A modest level of CBG was detected (CBG+CBG-A = 1.18%) and very low levels of CBC, CBN and THC-V (<0.1%). “Known Provenance” samples showed no significant differences in THC content between those seized from indoor versus outdoor cultivation sites. The present analysis echoes trends reported in other countries towards the use of high potency cannabis with very low CBD content. The implications for public health outcomes and harm reduction strategies are discussed.

show abstract

“…The cannabis C THC levels obtained indicate that the cannabis samples used cover a realistic range, based on national and international work [40][41][42][49][50][51][52][53]. It has often been noted in international studies that over time, there has been an increase in the C THC of cannabis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The sample tubes were washed three more times and combined with the previous extracts, and the 50 mL flasks were made up to volume with IPA. Semiquantitation of D 9 THC content by GC/MS used the parameters listed in Table 1 [41,42]. The D 9 THC content of the cannabis plant material is hereafter referred to as C THC .…”

Section: Thc Content Of Cannabis Plant Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Sheehan

Hamnett

Beasley

et al. 2018

Forensic Sciences Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Studies have compared the chemical properties of tobacco smoke to those of cannabis smoke, with the objective of identifying the chemical attributes responsible for the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of cannabis smoke. Comparative studies have included small sample sizes and produced conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the major chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke across a range of cannabis samples of different potencies and origins, sourced from the illegal market in New Zealand. Twelve cannabis samples were studied ranging from 1.0% to 13.4% delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 THC) content. A smoking machine was used to smoke "joints" (cannabis cigarettes) and the chemical/physical properties of the smoke assessed. The chemical constituents of the smoke extracts were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A range of different chemical constituents (in addition to D 9 THC) were identified and their concentrations estimated. Terpenoids were identified as the major variable in cannabis smoke, showing a 40-fold range in total terpenoid content. Analysis of the total particulate matter showed that significantly different levels of particulate matter were produced between the different cannabis samples, ranging from 14.6 to 66.3 mg/g of cannabis smoked. The D 9 THC delivery efficiency during smoking was also investigated and produced consistent results showing a mean and median of 12.6% and 10.8%, respectively, of the theoretically available D 9 THC (ranging from 7.2% to 28.0%).

show abstract

A survey of the potency of Japanese illicit cannabis in fiscal year 2010

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A survey of the potency of Japanese illicit cannabis in fiscal year 2010

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Analysis of Cannabis Seizures in NSW, Australia: Cannabis Potency and Cannabinoid Profile

Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15

Potency trends of Δ⁹‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol in cannabis in the Netherlands: 2005–15