A systematic approach for accurate translation of instruments: Experience with translating the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale into Arabic

Abstract

When using instruments written originally in a different language, the accuracy of translation is a crucial issue. The language and cultural interpretations can be barriers to healthcare access. Despite the need for a robust translation process, the existing literature offers little information about best practices for translation. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to illustrate a systematic approach to developing an accurate translation. We describe the process of developing an accurate and culturally relevant translation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) from English to Arabic. The CD-RISC is a healthcare instrument to measure resilience and comprises 25 items rated on a 5-point scale, with higher scores reflecting increased resilience. Resilience is an important healthcare construct that can be applied to research on mental illness and adaptation ability. For instance, increased resilience appears to protect against diminished mental health. The translation process began as two individuals independently translated the CD-RISC into Arabic. A third person combined the two translations to produce a reconciled version. A fourth individual then back-translated the reconciled Arabic version to English. To resolve difficult-to-translate segments, the research team consulted with the instrument developer and then conducted cognitive testing with six individuals. A cultural research methodologist participated throughout the process. Among the 28 text segments in the CD-RISC (the title, instructions, scoring, and 25 items), the best equivalency in Arabic came from eight segments of each forward-translation. The remaining 12 segments were similar. Each the back-translation and cognitive testing contributed to seven revisions. The robust translation procedures detailed can be used by researchers to develop best-quality translations.

Factors Associated With the Resilience of Nurses During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

“…The scale consists of 25 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale with 0 = not true at all and 4 = true nearly all the time (Connor & Davidson, 2003). In a previous study, the Cronbach alpha value of the scale was calculated as 0.89, showing good reliability and validity scores (Toma, Guetterman, Yaqub, Talaat, & Fetters, 2017). In the present study, the Cronbach alpha of the CD-RISC-25 scale was 0.923.…”

Validation of the Evidence-Based Practice Competence Questionnaire for Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece

“…From an initial set of 356 students, a total of 36 participants (10.1%) were excluded, mainly for incorrect filling or non-valid answers. The analyzed sample (320 students) were mainly women (n = 248, 77.5%), while most of the students were younger than 22 years of age (21)(22): n = 137, 42.8%, 18-20: n = 121, 37.8%). A total of 100 students (31.2%) were in their fourth, and final, academic year of study, while only 31 students (9.7%) were in their third academic year.…”

Translation, Adaptation, and Validation of Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Management and Knowledge Instruments for People at Pre-Dialysis Stage in the Arab World

“…robust translation process (Sousa & Rojjanasrirat, 2011;Toma et al, 2017), which have been embedded in the WHO guidelines for multilingualism translation. The participants received the Arabic versions of both CKD-SM-29 and KiKS.…”