A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight

Scherer, Ellen; Snyder, Christopher J.; Malberg, Jessica E.; Rigby, Brittney E.; Hetzel, Scott; Waller, Ken

doi:10.1177/0898756418777861

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1,2,20 Decreased dorsoventral bone height at the level of its distal root, large root volume to dorsoventral bone height ratio, and thinning of buccal cortical bone around this tooth have been suggested as factors that may increase the risk of mandibular fracture in that region. 1,2,[21][22][23] Over 81% of the fractures of the mandibular body in the present study were associated with unerupted permanent canine and first molar teeth. The dental germs of these teeth occupy almost the entire mandibular width and height in their locations, with very little surrounding bone ventral, labial/buccal, and lingual to them.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques

2022

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This study was performed to report etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of mandibular fractures in immature dogs treated with non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques. Immature dogs diagnosed with mandibular fractures from 2001 to 2016 were included in this study. Diagnosis of the mandibular fracture was achieved by oral examination and diagnostic imaging in the anesthetized dog. Twenty-nine immature dogs with 54 mandibular fractures were selected. Within the mandibular body, the regions of the developing permanent canine and first molar teeth were most commonly involved (46.4% and 35.0%, respectively). Within the mandibular ramus, 53.8% of the fractures were located in its ventral half, and 38.5% in the condylar process. Muzzling was applied in 72.4% of the dogs. All dogs had clinical healing with resolution of signs of pain and recovery of mandibular function. Mean time for clinical healing was 21 ± 9 days. Age of the dog and duration of muzzling were significantly associated with the time needed for clinical healing. In immature dogs, fractures of the mandibular body occur most commonly in the regions of the developing permanent canine and first molar teeth, while fractures of the mandibular ramus are most commonly found in its ventral half and the condylar process. Non-invasive or minimally invasive management of mandibular fractures in immature dogs carries a good prognosis regarding clinical healing and recovery of mandibular function. Dogs should be monitored for the development of dental abnormalities and/or skeletal malocclusion until permanent teeth have erupted and jaw growth is completed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques

2022

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“…Within the Berning study, 97.2% of dorsal roots were in dogs with a mandibular height >20 mm (1). Presuming that increasing mandibular height is associated with increasing patient size (11)(12)(13), the findings of both studies are in agreement that dorsal root frequency increases and lingual location decreases in mesaticephalic patients as size increases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The anatomical relationship between the mandibular first molar roots and the mandibular canal based on breed size and skull type

Greene

Goldschmidt²

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The first molar is the largest tooth in the dog mandible with roots often extending to the level of the mandibular canal (MC). The anatomical relationship between the roots and MC is variable and the normal relationship between those structures in a diverse population of dogs has not been established. The lingual location of the roots relative to the MC poses a risk for iatrogenic trauma during dentoalveolar surgery, and it is unknown if certain skull conformations are predisposed to this relationship. This study aimed to identify associations between patient weight and skull type with molar tooth root location. CT scans performed for reasons unrelated to the study were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were sorted into one of 12 groups (n=16 per group) based on skull type (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic) and weight (extra small: ≤ 6.8 kg, small: >6.8 to ≤ 13.6 kg, medium: >13.6 to ≤ 25 kg, and large >25 to ≤ 38.6 kg). The mandibular first molar roots were categorized as lingual, buccal, or dorsal relative to the MC. Lingual root location was diagnosed in 50.0% of all roots evaluated, and 64.2% of all dogs assessed had at least one root in the lingual position. The size was shown to be protective, with lingual root location being significantly less likely as size increased. The exception to this was in large brachycephalic patients, which had rates of lingual roots similar to smaller dogs. Buccal roots were rarest, diagnosed in only 9.7% of all roots, and were most common in brachycephalic patients, which had 83.8% of all buccal roots. Additional caution should be employed when removing alveolar bone during surgical extraction in dogs ≤ 13.6 kg and in large brachycephalic patients (boxers) to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the neurovascular bundle.

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“…Thus, adverse medical events occurring during gestation, parturition or antenatally cannot be completely ruled out in the dogs in this study. Small breed dogs reportedly have mandibular first molar teeth that are disproportionately large relative to the jaws (61,62), and this tooth is reported to have a higher prevalence of root dilaceration in this patient class (4). Therefore, it is also possible that this anatomical quirk may contribute to a noxious stimulus preferentially affecting this tooth in some way.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

Rine

Choi

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Objective: To document the clinical, radiographic, and histological characteristics of mandibular first molar teeth with developmental abnormalities previously attributed to dens invaginatus and enamel pearls in dogs. Materials and Methods: Affected mandibular first molar teeth from dogs were evaluated grossly and via intraoral radiography. Endodontically and/or periodontally compromised teeth were extracted and subjected to some combination of micro-computed tomography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry with anti-amelogenin antibody. Results: Six dogs with developmental abnormalities of mandibular first molar teeth were identified, representing 11 affected teeth. The condition was bilateral in 5 dogs, while in 1 dog, only one mandibular first molar tooth was present. Patient weight ranged from 1.7 to 6 kg (median = 4.09 kg). On intraoral radiographs, root convergence or parallelism was noted in 6 of 11 teeth, and root dilaceration was noted in 3 of 11 teeth. Eight teeth required extraction due to periapical lucencies or periodontitis. On micro-CT, the abnormal teeth were characterized by the presence of abnormal, heterogenous hard tissue with beam attenuation characteristics midway between that of enamel and dentin. Enamel fissures were identified in 4 of 8 teeth, while ectopic radicular enamel was identified in 2 of 8 teeth. The abnormal tissue was traversed by channels measuring 20-40 µm in diameter. Channels communicated with the enamel fissures in 2/8 teeth, the furcation in 2/8 teeth and the pulp in 4/8 teeth. The abnormal tissue was frequently surrounded by disorganized dentin. Histologic features of enamel and dentin were absent from the abnormal tissue and immunohistochemistry to detect amelogenin in the abnormal tissue was negative in all samples. Conclusion: The dental abnormalities described here correspond to a previously unrecognized developmental abnormality involving the mandibular first molar teeth in dogs. The developmental origin of the abnormal tissue could not be ascertained, and further investigations are required to determine the mode of formation, origin of Ng et al. Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs the abnormal tissue, and factors associated with development. These developmental abnormalities more closely resemble molar-incisor malformation, rather than dens invaginatus or enamel pearls as described in humans. The authors propose that affected mandibular first molar teeth simply be referred to as having carnassial tooth malformations.

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A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques

Etiology, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome of Mandibular Fractures in Immature Dogs Treated with non-Invasive or Minimally Invasive Techniques

The anatomical relationship between the mandibular first molar roots and the mandibular canal based on breed size and skull type

Mandibular Carnassial Tooth Malformations in 6 Dogs—Micro-Computed Tomography and Histology Findings

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