A watermarking scheme for natural language documents

Gu, Jinjie; Cheng, Yuzhu

doi:10.1109/icime.2010.5477622

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In the Unicode, there are special zero-width characters (ZWC) which are employed to provide specific entities such as Zero Width Joiner (ZWJ), e.g., ZWJ joins two supportable characters together in particular languages, POP directional, and Zero Width Non-Joiner (ZWNJ), etc. Practically, the ZWC characters do not have traces, widths or written symbol in digital texts [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 15 , 18 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 33 , 34 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ,…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The text typically consists of several words, sentences, verbs, nouns, adverbs, adjectives, and so on. Several linguistic-based approaches have used characteristics such as synonyms, abbreviations, the similarity of words, and so on, to embed secret bits into a CM [ 17 , 62 , 70 , 71 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 106 , 109 ]. In general, we can classify the linguistic based approaches into two types: syntactic and semantic.…”

Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Semantic methods work based on the specific language characteristics by modifying the semantic attributes of the CM to mark/embed the SM bits . These attributes include the spelling of words, abbreviations, synonyms, acronyms, and so on [ 62 , 70 , 71 , 75 , 82 , 84 ]. The advantage of the semantic-based methods is that they protect the HM against retyping attacks or the use of OCR software [ 111 ].…”

Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the last two decades, many text hiding algorithms have been introduced in terms of text steganography and text watermarking for covert communication [ 1 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 20 , 31 , 36 , 39 , 51 , 91 ], copyright protection [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 87 , <...>…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Ahvanooey

Hou

et al. 2019

Entropy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential information. Recently, text hiding in the form of watermarking and steganography has found broad applications in, for instance, covert communication, copyright protection, content authentication, etc. In contrast to text hiding, text steganalysis is the process and science of identifying whether a given carrier text file/message has hidden information in it, and, if possible, extracting/detecting the embedded hidden information. This paper presents an overview of state of the art of the text hiding area, and provides a comparative analysis of recent techniques, especially those focused on marking structural characteristics of digital text message/file to hide secret bits. Also, we discuss different types of attacks and their effects to highlight the pros and cons of the recently introduced approaches. Finally, we recommend some directions and guidelines for future works.

show abstract

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Various Types Of Text Hiding Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Ahvanooey

Hou

et al. 2019

Entropy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In other words, watermarking aims to protect intellectual property of digital media against unauthorized copy or access by embedding a watermark (visible or invisible) in the cove media which can remain beside the data, and it can be used whenever there is any query about the originality of media (e.g., the hidden watermark refers to the original owner) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Over the last two decades, many information hiding techniques have been proposed in terms of text watermarking and text steganography for copyright protection [11][12][13][14], proof of ownership [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], and copy control and authentication [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Although the aim of steganography is different, it also can be used for the copyright protection of digital texts like watermarking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

Ahvanooey

Shim

et al. 2018

Security and Communication Networks

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With the ceaseless usage of web and other online services, it has turned out that copying, sharing, and transmitting digital media over the Internet are amazingly simple. Since the text is one of the main available data sources and most widely used digital media on the Internet, the significant part of websites, books, articles, daily papers, and so on is just the plain text. Therefore, copyrights protection of plain texts is still a remaining issue that must be improved in order to provide proof of ownership and obtain the desired accuracy. During the last decade, digital watermarking and steganography techniques have been used as alternatives to prevent tampering, distortion, and media forgery and also to protect both copyright and authentication. This paper presents a comparative analysis of information hiding techniques, especially on those ones which are focused on modifying the structure and content of digital texts. Herein, various text watermarking and text steganography techniques characteristics are highlighted along with their applications. In addition, various types of attacks are described and their effects are analyzed in order to highlight the advantages and weaknesses of current techniques. Finally, some guidelines and directions are suggested for future works.

show abstract

CSNTSteg: Color Spacing Normalization Text Steganography Model to Improve Capacity and Invisibility of Hidden Data

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rapid growth of online communication has increased the demand for secure communication. Most government entities, healthcare providers, the legal sector, financial and banking, and other industries are vulnerable to information security issues. Text steganography is one way to protect secure communication by hiding secret messages in the cover text. Hiding a high amount of secret information without raising the attacker's suspicion is the main challenge in steganography. This paper proposes the Color and Spacing Normalization stego (CSNTSteg) model to resolve the low capacity and invisibility problem on text steganography. CSNTSteg consists of two stages: the pre-embedding stage, which achieves high capacity by utilizing RGB coding and character spacing. It is designed to increase the number of bits per location and usable characters. Besides, it applies the Huffman coding technique to compress the secret message to add more capacity enhancement. The second stage is color and spacing normalization, which accomplishes high invisibility by normalizing the RGB coding and character spacing of the cover and stego text. CSNTSteg overcomes the color differences issue between the cover and stego texts regardless of the color of the cover text. To assess the quality of CSNTSteg, the experimental results are compared with existing works. CSNTSteg shows superior capacity over the existing studies with a percentage of 98.85%. CSNTSteg also achieves high invisibility by reducing the color differences with a percentage of 4.7% and 5.07% for black and colored cover text, respectively. Furthermore, CSNTSteg improves robustness by 94.22% by reducing the distortion in stego text. Overall, the CSNTSteg model embeds a high capacity of secret data while maintaining invisibility and security, offering a new perspective on text steganography to protect against visual and statistical attack issues.

show abstract

A watermarking scheme for natural language documents

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

Modern Text Hiding, Text Steganalysis, and Applications: A Comparative Analysis

A Comparative Analysis of Information Hiding Techniques for Copyright Protection of Text Documents

CSNTSteg: Color Spacing Normalization Text Steganography Model to Improve Capacity and Invisibility of Hidden Data

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About