Ablation of hard bone tissue with pulsed CO2 lasers

Ivanenko, Mikhail; Werner, Martin; Afilal, Said; Klasing, Manfred; Hering, P.

doi:10.1016/j.mla.2005.02.007

Cited by 67 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…3.23a [34]). On the contrary, cutting with conventional diamond saw had significant damage with non uniform cut surface ( Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Taking this idea forward, quantification of ablation by CO 2 laser by water-air spray method was carried out [33,34]. The idea was based on the time required to input the laser energy, that is the pulse duration (τ L ) and time required for dissipation of this heat, termed as thermal relaxation time (τ T ).…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, cutting with conventional diamond saw had significant damage with non uniform cut surface ( Fig. 3.23b [34]). Important facts derived from these studies are listed below.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.23 Comparison between a pig rib bone cut by a CO 2 laser and b diamond saw. The cut surface indicated by an arrow (reprinted from Ivanenko et al [34] with permission. © Elsevier) laser was investigated [38].…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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Having explored the basics of important fundamental contact (mechanical) and noncontact (thermal) operations involved in machining of the bones, the discussion will proceed towards some of the non-conventional techniques. These techniques have evolved as a result of research works on interaction of bones with various energy sources such as photon/electron beam and mechanical vibrations. Hybrids of fundamentals operations of machining have also been taken into account. Laser, microwave, and ion-beam based methods have been discussed under beam based techniques. Ultrasonic machining which has been extensively explored for bone application has been dealt in a separate section. Pneumatic and hydraulic machining have been taken into account under the section on hybrid machining. These nonconventional/hybrid techniques are not as popular as conventional ones but hold a huge potential for the future. High Energy Beam Based TechniquesThe high energy beam based methods employ some sort of radiation as the means of energy source for removal of the bone material. These techniques have mostly been employed previously in case of the structural materials. Unlike conventional mechanical contact methods employing physical tools which result in generation of heat as the secondary effect, beam based techniques employ heat as the primary means of tooling. The heat is generated by means of various electromagnetic waves within the electromagnetic spectrum such as ultraviolet, microwave, and infrared with various combinations for ranges of energy and wavelength ( Fig. 3.1). As the combinations dictate the extent and mode of interaction of the energy source with the workpiece, any machining operation can be carried out with careful process control. Most common methods explored in this category include laser, ion-beam, and microwave machining which are discussed in detail in the following subsections. Laser MachiningLasers (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) have been used as a means of machining for quite some time now. Theoretically any wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum can be made into a laser source. Principally, a lasing medium is excited using a energy source such as inert gas flash lamp. The input of energy (Fig. 3.2a) transfers the electrons within the atoms of the medium to higher energy state, technically termed as population inversion. On the other hand, the random absorption of energy gives rise to spontaneous emission (Fig. 3.2b). In case of population inversion, these electrons jump to lower energy state at the same time emitting photons of the same energy corresponding to difference between ground and excited state (Fig. 3.2c). A set of two mirrors, some times called resonators, one totally and the other partially reflecting, generates the chain reaction giving rise to highly concentrated beam coming out of the partially reflecting mirror (Fig. 3.3). This beam is monochromatic, coherent, and highly collimated in nature and can be employed for various applications depending on the wavele...

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“…3.23a [34]). On the contrary, cutting with conventional diamond saw had significant damage with non uniform cut surface ( Fig.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, cutting with conventional diamond saw had significant damage with non uniform cut surface ( Fig. 3.23b [34]). Important facts derived from these studies are listed below.…”

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Dahotre

Joshi

2016

Machining of Bone and Hard Tissues

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“…[1][2][3] Although most work on laser ablation mechanisms and its clinical applications are for soft tissue, 4-10 a number of studies have been reported on hardtissue ablation and machining, where they demonstrated different ablation characteristics and underlying mechanisms. 1,[11][12][13][14] Besides dental applications, ablation of regular bone has also been investigated for potential applications in cosmetic 15,16 and orthopedic surgery. 17,18 The ablation in these studies is mostly based on thermal effects that are associated with significant collateral damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafast laser ablation and machining large-size structures on porcine bone

An¹,

Khadar²,

Wilk³

et al. 2013

J. Biomed. Opt

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Abstract. When using ultrafast laser ablation in some orthopedic applications where precise cutting/drilling is required with minimal damage to collateral tissue, it is challenging to produce large-sized and deep holes using a tightly focused laser beam. The feasibility of producing deep, millimetersize structures under different ablation strategies is investigated. X-ray computed microtomography was employed to analyze the morphology of these structures. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of producing holes with sizes required in clinical applications using concentric and helical ablation protocols.

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High precision cochleostomy by use of a pulsed CO₂laser - an experimental approach

Klenzner¹,

Knapp²,

Schipper³

et al. 2009

Cochlear Implants Int.

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A precise cochleostomy is a crucial step in cochlear implantation, particularly if residual hearing is to be preserved. A contactless ablation of the promontory bone by a pulsed CO2 laser system seems to be a promising approach. The bone is removed by a scan head controlled laser beam in sequential scan cycles with a pulse rate of 50–100 μs. Digital picture analysis and pattern detection are used to identify the membranous lining of the cochlea. We achieved a bone ablation in a micrometer range per scan cycle with the laser. A perforation of the promontory bone could be detected by automatic pattern detection. The enhancement of automatic pattern detection can lead to a minimally invasive, function‐preserving laser cochleostomy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ablation of hard bone tissue with pulsed CO2 lasers

Cited by 67 publications

References 35 publications

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Ultrafast laser ablation and machining large-size structures on porcine bone

High precision cochleostomy by use of a pulsed CO₂laser - an experimental approach

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Ablation of hard bone tissue with pulsed CO2 lasers

Cited by 67 publications

References 35 publications

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Non-conventional and Hybrid Methods of Bone Machining

Ultrafast laser ablation and machining large-size structures on porcine bone

High precision cochleostomy by use of a pulsed CO2laser - an experimental approach

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High precision cochleostomy by use of a pulsed CO₂laser - an experimental approach