Abstract representations for interactive visualization of virtual 3D city models

Glander, Tassilo; Döllner, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.07.003

Cited by 98 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…3D city models are frequently used to enhance the presentation of results of analyses which are not necessarily related to GIS and 3D city models [168], for instance, economic activities [31], tsunami analysis [169,170], and planned wind farms [171]. Such visualisations are meant to aid scientists analysing large amounts of data.…”

Section: Aiding Positioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Biljecki

Stoter

Ledoux

et al. 2015

IJGI

628

380

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In the last decades, 3D city models appear to have been predominantly used for visualisation; however, today they are being increasingly employed in a number of domains and for a large range of tasks beyond visualisation. In this paper, we seek to understand and document the state of the art regarding the utilisation of 3D city models across multiple domains based on a comprehensive literature study including hundreds of research papers, technical reports and online resources. A challenge in a study such as ours is that the ways in which 3D city models are used cannot be readily listed due to fuzziness, terminological ambiguity, unclear added-value of 3D geoinformation in some instances, and absence of technical information. To address this challenge, we delineate a hierarchical terminology (spatial operations, use cases, applications), and develop a theoretical reasoning to segment and categorise the diverse uses of 3D city models. Following this framework, we provide a list of identified use cases of 3D city models (with a description of each), and their applications. Our study demonstrates that 3D city models are employed in at least 29 use cases that are a part of more than 100 applications. The classified inventory could be useful for scientists as well as stakeholders in the geospatial industry, such as companies and national mapping agencies, as it may serve as a reference document to better position their operations, design product portfolios, and to better understand the market.

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Section: Aiding Positioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Biljecki

Stoter

Ledoux

et al. 2015

IJGI

628

380

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Götzelmann et al (2009), Glander and Döllner (2009), Meng and Forberg (2007) and Mayer (2005) all generalise LOD1 models creating a coarser LOD1 model. Agugiaro (2014) generates two variants of block models from footprints: one from a cadastral source, and one from a topographic map.…”

Section: Lod0 and Lod1 Familiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

Biljecki

Ledoux

Stoter

2016

Computers, Environment and Urban Systems

350

176

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The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in practice principally used to indicate the geometric detail of a model, primarily of buildings. Despite the popularity and the general acceptance of this categorisation, we argue in this paper that from a geometric point of view the five LODs are insufficient and that their specification is ambiguous.We solve these shortcomings with a better definition of LODs and their refinement. Hereby we present a refined set of 16 LODs focused on the grade of the exterior geometry of buildings, which provide a stricter specification and allow less modelling freedom. This series is a result of an exhaustive research into currently available 3D city models, production workflows, and capabilities of acquisition techniques. Our specification also includes two hybrid models that reflect common acquisition practices. The new LODs are in line with the LODs of CityGML 2.0, and are intended to supplement, rather than replace the geometric part of the current specification. While in our paper we focus on the geometric aspect of the models, our specification is compatible with different levels of semantic granularity. Furthermore, the improved LODs can be considered format-agnostic.Among other benefits, the refined specification could be useful for companies for a better definition of their product portfolios, and for researchers to specify data requirements when presenting use cases of 3D city models. We support our refined LODs with experiments, proving their uniqueness by showing that each yields a different result in a 3D spatial operation.Keywords: Level of detail; 3D city modelling; 3D GIS; 3D building models; CityGML; Scale Highlights• CityGML LODs are an industry standard for conveying the grade of 3D city models.• The 5 LODs are not defined precisely, and they are not sufficient for this purpose.• We present a refined series of 16 LODs that overcomes these issues.

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“…Therefore, further generalization is needed especially at city scale. Since a major problem of 3D city models is the huge amount of composing objects, we believe the divide-and-conquer strategy can be adopted, and road network can be regarded as a natural partition of a city [37,38].…”

Section: City Scale Generalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glander and Döllner [37] proposed cell-base generalization by maintaining a hierarchy of landmarks, which are preserved. In the work of Mao et al [38], buildings are divided into clusters by the road network and grouped with their close neighbors in each cluster.…”

Section: -P3mentioning

confidence: 99%

All range and heterogeneous multi-scale 3D city models

He¹,

Besuievsky²,

Tourre³

et al. 2012

Usage, Usability, and Utility of 3D City Models – European COST Action TU0801

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Abstract. 3D City Models (3DCM) are key features into decision making of several urban related problems. Therefore 3DCM are needed by several applications, but the required level-of-detail (LoD) of the model depends on the application. Our goal is to propose a multi-scale 3DCM production and use method. Our approach consists of merging, procedural modeling, graph rewriting techniques, and a generalization technique to handle all different kinds of LoD of a 3DCM. In this way, it allows to handle various heterogeneous LoDs of a complete urban city model. We test our proposal with the 3DCM of the City of Nantes for a rendering application. Our results can also be applied to other LoDs criteria to match other 3DCM-based needs.

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Abstract representations for interactive visualization of virtual 3D city models

Cited by 98 publications

References 13 publications

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review

An improved LOD specification for 3D building models

All range and heterogeneous multi-scale 3D city models

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