Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris leading to fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis

Lee, Daniel; Fiester, Steven E.; Madeline, Lee; Fulcher, James W.; Ward, Michael E.; Schammel, Christine Marie-Gilligan; Hakimi, Ryan

doi:10.1007/s12024-019-00202-6

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The MRI, pathological, and cytological findings in this patient who developed GAE induced by B mandrillaris were similar to those reported previously 1 . In our case, when considering brain metastasis of lung cancer, it was difficult to microscopically detect the presence of trophozoites in the perivascular necrotic area with infiltration of neutrophils in the brain lesion specimens, as previously mentioned 17 . However, our re‐examination revealed the presence of trophozoites, and B mandrillaris was detected immunohistochemically in the lesion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A Japanese case of amoebic meningoencephalitis initially diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Aoki

Sakakima

Ohashi

et al. 2020

Clinical Case Reports

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A Japanese case of amoebic meningoencephalitis initially diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Aoki

Sakakima

Ohashi

et al. 2020

Clinical Case Reports

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“…In addition, some infections can cause skin lesions [101]. The record of recent infections caused by B. mandrillaris is described in Table 4, and Figure 3 shows a geographical distribution of B. mandrillaris isolated from clinical cases and environmental samples [102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114].…”

Section: Balamuthia Mandrillarismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…His symptoms included vomiting, headache, loss of consciousness, and blurred vision. Fortunately, the patient fully recovered from prolonged treatment with azithromycin, intravenous pentamidine, itraconazole, and flucytosine [103,130,131]. Furthermore, the ITS region of four isolated strains from New Zealand, the United States, and Ukraine has been characterized, which contain the complete sequence of the ITS 1, 5.8S, and ITS 2 regions, having a size variation between 1065 to 1191 bp (GenBank accession: EU004598, EU004600, EU004597, and EU004599).…”

Section: Sappinia Pedatamentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

Otero-Ruiz¹,

Gonzalez-Zuñiga²,

Rodriguez-Anaya³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protozoa widely distributed in the environment, found in a great diversity of terrestrial biomes. However, few genera of FLA are linked to human infections. Within these genera, Acanthamoeba spp., classified by genotypes (T1-T23), being T1, T2, T4, T5, T10, T12, and T18 as capable of causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in immunocompromised patients mostly and Acanthamoeba keratitis related to genotypes T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T10, T11, T12 and T15 in apparently healthy patients. Meanwhile, Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of an acute infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), while Balamuthia mandrillaris, like some Acanthamoeba genotypes, causes GAE, differing from the latter in the description of numerous cases in patients immunocompetent. Finally, other FLA related to the pathologies mentioned above have been reported; Sappinia pedata is responsible for one case of amoebic encephalitis; Vermamoeba vermiformis has been found in cases of ocular damage, and its extraordinary capacity as endocytobiont for microorganisms of public health importance such as Legionella pneumophila, Bacillus anthracis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, among others. In this review, issues related to the epidemiology of each one are addressed, updating their geographic distribution and cases reported in recent years for pathogenic FLA.

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“…are responsible for amoebic keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Additionally, B. mandrillaris causes GAE and skin lesions [ 45 , 46 ]. In the first instance, the pathogenesis mechanisms of these FLA were unknown, since initially, the only certainty was that amoebae reached the central nervous system through the olfactory neuroepithelium or through the blood in the case of Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the omics sciences to the study of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris: current status and future projections

et al. 2021

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In this review, we focus on the sequenced genomes of the pathogens Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris, and the remarkable discoveries regarding the pathogenicity and genetic information of these organisms, using techniques related to the various omics branches like genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Currently, novel data produced through comparative genomics analyses and both differential gene and protein expression in these free-living amoebas have allowed for breakthroughs to identify genes unique to N. fowleri, genes with active transcriptional activity, and their differential expression in conditions of modified virulence. Furthermore, orthologous genes of the various nuclear genomes within the Naegleria and Acanthamoeba genera have been clustered. The proteome of B. mandrillaris has been reconstructed through transcriptome data, and its mitochondrial genome structure has been thoroughly described with a unique characteristic that has come to light: a type I intron with the capacity of interrupting genes through its self-splicing ribozymes activity. With the integration of data derived from the diverse omic sciences, there is a potential approximation that reflects the molecular complexity required for the identification of virulence factors, as well as crucial information regarding the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms with which these interact. Altogether, these breakthroughs could contribute to radical advances in both the fields of therapy design and medical diagnosis in the foreseeable future.

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Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris leading to fatal granulomatous amebic encephalitis

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

A Japanese case of amoebic meningoencephalitis initially diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology

A Japanese case of amoebic meningoencephalitis initially diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid cytology

Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae

Application of the omics sciences to the study of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris: current status and future projections

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