Accelerators for hadrontherapy: From Lawrence cyclotrons to linacs

Amaldi, U.; Bonomi, R.; Braccini, S.; Crescenti, M; Degiovanni, Alberto; Garlaschè, M.; Garonna, Adriano; Magrin, Giulio; Mellace, C.; Pearce, P.; Pitta, G.; Puggioni, P.; Rosso, E.; Verdú-Andrés, Silvia; Wegner, Rolf; Weiss, M.; Zennaro, R.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.130

Cited by 84 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A long-standing inexplicable observation has been the ms-scale oscillation of the extracted ion beam current. [1][2][3] Such oscillations are especially problematic for applications of high performance ECR ion sources requiring supreme temporal stability, e.g., hadron therapy 4 and material modification. 5 The magnetic field of modern ECRISs (see, e.g., Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband microwave emission spectrum associated with kinetic instabilities in minimum-B ECR plasmas

et al. 2017

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Izotov, I.; Kalvas, Taneli; Koivisto, Hannu; Kronholm, Risto; Mansfeld, D.; Skalyga, V.; Tarvainen, Olli Izotov, I., Kalvas, T., Koivisto, H., Kronholm, R., Mansfeld, D., Skalyga, V., & Tarvainen, O. (2017). Broadband microwave emission spectrum associated with kinetic instabilities in minimum-B ECR plasmas. Physics of Plasmas, 24 (4) Plasmas of electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRISs) are prone to kinetic instabilities due to the resonant heating mechanism resulting in anisotropic electron velocity distribution.Frequently observed periodic oscillations of extracted ion beam current in the case of high plasma heating power and/or strong magnetic field have been proven to be caused by cyclotrontype instabilities leading to a notable reduction and temporal variation of highly charged ion production. Thus, investigations of such instabilities and techniques for their suppression have become important topics in ECRIS research. The microwave emission caused by the instabilities contains information on the electron energy distribution and growth mechanism of the instability. The emission has been studied earlier in the frequency range of 8-14 GHz allowing us to deduce the probable excited mode. A more detailed study of the microwave emission spectrum of a minimum-B ECR plasma, sustained by 14 GHz microwave radiation, is presented in this work. It was found that the frequencies of the microwaves emitted by the plasma consist of several harmonics of the main band and extend from 6 GHz up to 25 GHz, being independent of the plasma parameters. Published by AIP Publishing.[http://dx

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband microwave emission spectrum associated with kinetic instabilities in minimum-B ECR plasmas

et al. 2017

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“…Heavy ion radiotherapy is particularly suited for hard-toreach tumours, or for tumours which are too large or are radio-resistant [21][22][23] . C-ion radiotherapy gives high linear energy transfer (LET) (78 keV/m) at the distal part of the spread out of Bragg peak (SOBP), and shows good dose localizing properties.…”

Section: Heavy Ion Beam Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Progress in the Application of Radiation in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Aggarwal¹

2017

Current Science

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Cancer is a ubiquitous health problem globally caused by poor food quality, environmental pollution, genetic factors, etc. Despite the manifold presumptive theories put forth for its causation, there is an extreme paucity of knowledge as regards the actual etiology of cancer, as well as any preventive or prophylactic therapy. The treatment options available include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy (both internal and external). There have been technical and technological advancements in the fields of 'cancer surgery' and 'cancer chemotherapy', and radiotherapy in oncology is not too far behind. X-rays (from linear accelerators LINACs) and gamma rays (e.g. in Bhabhatron) are commonly used for radiation treatment of various types of cancers. New developments include proton beam therapy (PBT) and heavy ion beam therapy (IBT) (e.g. C +6 ion). These new developments of PBT and IBT offer significant advantages to treat paediatric patients, and to radiate deep-seated and radioresistant tumours. This article gives an overview of the various radiation therapies used worldwide, cost comparison of setting up these facilities, operational and treatment costs and advantages, limitations as well as the present status of different charged particle therapy facilities available worldwide.Keywords: Accelerators, cancer, diagnosis, oncology, radiation therapy. CANCER (a generic term for more than 100 different diseases characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells) is one of the major killer diseases in humans whose origins are not yet well established despite extensive research in different international laboratories and hospitals all over the world. There are various kinds of cancers, e.g. breast cancer which accounts for 23% of all cancer cases in females, brain cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, etc. The treatment and prognosis are dependent upon the stage at which the cancer is detected, which in turn is governed by the accurate and sensitive cancer diagnostic methodology. Imaging techniques based on different radiations like X-rays and -rays are highly valuable, and are internationally recognized 'gold standards' for cancer diagnosis. X-rays, -rays, -particles, protons and heavy ions are useful for radiation therapy before or after the surgery of a cancerous organ. Radiation therapy can be given by internal radiation (brachytherapy) or external radiation for the treatment of cancer. About 4% of people in developed countries are diagnosed with cancer each year, and more than 50% of these patients are subjected to radiation therapy, along with surgery, as a part of their treatment protocols. Radiation therapy may be used with curative intent, or as a palliative treatment, where cure is not possible. It can be used alone or in combination with other approaches (surgery and chemotherapy) to treat localized solid tumours (e.g. cancers of the skin, brain, breast, or cervix), and also to treat cancers such as leukaemia and lymphoma. Radiation therapy works by ...

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“…A selection of the many excellent publications on this subject is given in references [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The authors of reference [3] claimed that "if 200 MeV proton accelerators would be as cheap and small as the 10 MeV electron linacs used in conventional radiotherapy, at least 90% of the patients would be treated with proton beams". This indicates how effective hadron therapy is in cancer treatment.…”

Section: Preamblementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Laser Driven Hadron Cancer Radiotherapy: A Review of Progress

et al. 2014

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It has been known for about sixty years that proton and heavy ion therapy is a very powerful radiation procedure for treating tumors. It has an innate ability to irradiate tumors with greater doses and spatial selectivity compared with electron and photon therapy and, hence, is a tissue sparing procedure. For more than twenty years, powerful lasers have generated high energy beams of protons and heavy ions and it has, therefore, frequently been speculated that lasers could be used as an alternative to radiofrequency (RF) accelerators to produce the particle beams necessary for cancer therapy. The present paper reviews the progress made towards laser driven hadron cancer therapy and what has still to be accomplished to realize its inherent enormous potential.

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Accelerators for hadrontherapy: From Lawrence cyclotrons to linacs

Cited by 84 publications

References 39 publications

Broadband microwave emission spectrum associated with kinetic instabilities in minimum-B ECR plasmas

Broadband microwave emission spectrum associated with kinetic instabilities in minimum-B ECR plasmas

Evolution and Progress in the Application of Radiation in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

Towards Laser Driven Hadron Cancer Radiotherapy: A Review of Progress

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