“…Specifically, assuming as a main hypothesis that urban competitiveness is a multidimensional and complex phenomenon, we refer to the following three dimensions: “Green Transition”, referring to dimensions within the roadmap towards sustainable development, diversification of energy resources, improvement of environmental quality, safety and environmental management (Jiang and Shen, 2010; Hammer et al , 2011; Papa et al , 2016; Van Den Berg et al , 2016; Komasi et al , 2022; Cassinger and Thufvesson, 2023); “Digital Transition” referring to digitalization across the economy and society at large (education, business, public sector) along with the spread of skills and the diffusion of technologies (Filo, 2007; Van Winden and Carvalho, 2008; Dmitrieva and Guseva, 2019; Penco et al , 2020); and “Economic and Social Resilience”, including dimensions related to the level of equity and inclusion, social provisions and salaries, employment, and touristic resources (Williams et al , 2013; Martin and Sunley, 2017; Säumel et al , 2019; UNESCO, and World Bank, 2021).…”