Accuracy Assessment of Numerical Dosimetry for the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Electric Vehicle Inductive Charging Systems

Abstract

In this article, we discuss numerical aspects related to the accuracy and the computational efficiency of numerical dosimetric simulations, performed in the context of human exposure to static inductive charging systems of electric vehicles. Two alternative numerical methods based on electric vector potential and electric scalar potential formulations, respectively, are here considered for the electric field computation in highly detailed anatomical human models. The results obtained by the numerical implementation of both approaches are discussed in terms of compliance assessment with ICNIRP guidelines limits for human exposure to electromagnetic fields. In particular, different strategies for smoothing localized unphysical outliers are compared, including novel techniques based on statistical considerations. The outlier removal is particularly relevant when comparison with basic restrictions is required to define the safety of electromagnetic fields exposure. The analysis demonstrates that it is not possible to derive general conclusions about the most robust method for dosimetric solutions. Nevertheless, the combined use of both formulations, together with the use of an algorithm for outliers removal based on a statistical approach, allows to determine final results to be compared with reference limits with a significant level of reliability.

Assessment of Exposure to Electric Vehicle Inductive Power Transfer Systems: Experimental Measurements and Numerical Dosimetry

“…To carry out the dosimetric analysis, the magnetic induction values were calculated with the computational tool that provided fewer discrepancies with respect to the measurements, that is Opera 3D (see Section 3.1). Dosimetric results reported in the present paper and the comparison with limits provided by the current guidelines should be considered with respect to their overall accuracy, as reported in [38].…”

Exposure of Live-Line Workers to Magnetic Fields: A Dosimetric Analysis

“…An example of quantification of the stair-casing error introduced in voxelized domains is reported in [42]. In addition, local artefacts may occur in proximity of the skin, where the voxelization process may introduce local contacts not present in the original Computer-aided design (CAD) model, e.g., between the legs (with reference to skin-to-skin contact voxels, see the approved Draft of the IEEE C95.1 Standard [43]).…”

“…To overcome some of the flaws in the metric recommended by ICNIRP, another way for removing outliers, more conservative with respect to the 99th percentile, has been proposed in [41] and extended in [42]. In the present study, we adopt such a strategy and we compare the results with those coming from the use of the 99th percentile.…”

“…In parallel to the evolution of the anatomical models, numerical tools for computational dosimetry have had an extraordinary development, by virtue of the potentiality of last generation processors, the software development and the analysis of the accuracy of the dosimetric results (e.g., [36][37][38][39][40]). The latter includes the detection of possible numerical artefacts, which is also a topic of great interest, particularly when a comparison with exposure limits is needed [41][42][43].…”

Chassis Influence on the Exposure Assessment of a Compact EV during WPT Recharging Operations

“…The standalone design of the recharging system, which is a stationary WPT system operating at the nominal frequency of 85 kHz, can be easily performed with classical approaches, such as finite elements. However, when dealing with human exposure, the influence of the car body and the human body must also be taken into account [5][6][7][8]. It is well known that, within the low frequency (LF) range, the presence of the human body does not affect the source field.…”