Actinomycetes Diversity among rRNA Gene Clones and Cellular Isolates from Sambhar Salt Lake, India

Abstract

The vertical stratification of actinomycetes diversity in Sambhar salt lake (India's largest salt lake) was investigated by using cultivable and uncultivable approaches. The isolates from cultured approaches were clustered on the basis of cultural, morphological, biochemical, and cell wall characteristics, and results were further strengthened by 16S rDNA-RFLP into five major groups. 16S rDNA sequencing of the representative isolates from each clusters was identified as belonging to Streptomyces, Actinopolyspora, Microbispora, Saccharopolyspora, and Actinoplanes genera, while culture independent group was established as Streptomyces (130 clones, 20 OTUs), Micromonospora (96 clones, 7 OTUs), Streptosporangium (79 clones, 9 OTUs), Thermomonospora (46 clones, 8 OTUs), and Dactylosporangium (58 clones, 8 OTUs). The diversity assessment using Shannon and Wiener index was found to be 1.55, 1.52, 1.55, and 1.49 from surface lake water, at depth of 1.5 m, shallow layer of water with algal population, and finally at depth of 2.5 m, respectively. We observed diversity in terms of the species richness as Streptomyces is dominant genus in both culture dependent and culture independent techniques followed by Microbispora (culture dependent methods) and Micromonospora (culture independent method) genera, respectively.

Spatio-temporal modelling for the evaluation of an altered Indian saline Ramsar site and its drivers for ecosystem management and restoration

“…The only method approved by GoI is the collection of brine through pans and kyars [41]. 18,65,000 tons/year of salt were sustainably extracted in which lake water provided 18*105 tons/ year, rainwater 5*103 tons/year, and river water 6*104 tons/ year [11]. 2 000 illegal tube wells and 240 bore wells have been built over the last two decades.…”

“…Reference source not found. ) with 26°52’to 27°Ü2’ N; 74°54’ – 75°14’ E running ENE–WSW direction in elliptical shape [11]. In 1961, the government acquired the region on a 99-year lease under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry [10].…”

“…SSL is 230 km 2 (22.5 km in length and 3-1 km in width) [23]. One of the world’s oldest mountain range, Aravali surrounds it in the north, west, and south-east directions, extending up to 700 m [11]. Its maximum altitude is 360 m above mean sea level, with 10 cm per km slope.…”

“…Importantly, SSL at large, experiences distinct summer (March-June), rainy seasons (July-September), and winter (October-February). Overall, it receives around 500 mm of rainfall every year, while it enjoys 250-300 sunny days [11]. Additionally, the average temperature is about 24.4 °C, going up to 40.7 °C in summer, and below 11 °C in winter [36].…”

“…464 [10] and Important Bird Area No. IN073 [11]. Once it was a haven for 279 migratory and resident birds [12], which currently serves as a refuge for 31 migratory.…”