Activation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses and Attenuation of Tumor Growthin vivobyAndrographis paniculataExtract and Andrographolide

Abstract

The stimulatory effect of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) production was determined in BALB/c mice by Winn's neutralization assay using CTL sensitive EL4 thymoma cells as target cell. Extract and andrographolide showed a significant increase in CTL production in both the in vivo and in vitro models. The survival time of EL4 cells alone in animals was only 27.1 days and it was increased to 51.1 and 44.5 days in extract- and andrographolide treated animals with percentage increase in life span (%ILS) of 88.5 and 64.2, respectively. The survival rate of animals administered EL4 cells incubated with alloimmunized spleen cells (effector cells) from normal BALB/c mice was 35.8 (%ILS 32.1). When this group was treated with 10 doses of extract and andrographolide the life span was further increased to 52.1 days (%ILS 92.2 ) and 48.1 days (%ILS 77.4). Survival days of animal carrying EL4 cells incubated with alloimmunized spleen cells (effector cells) from extract and andrographolide treated animals were 55.5 and 50.3 days respectively. When these animals continued with extract and andrographolide treatment for 10 days their life spans were significantly increased to 62 and 53.8 days, respectively. The level of cytokines such as Interlevkin (IL)-2 and Interferon (IFN)-gamma also was enhanced in these animals when they were treated with extract and andrographolide. This study demonstrated that A. paniculata extract and andrographolide stimulate the CTL production through enhanced secretion of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by T cells and thereby inhibit the tumor growth.

Suppression of v-Src Transformation by Andrographolide via Degradation of the v-Src Protein and Attenuation of the Erk Signaling Pathway

“…Andrographolide also triggers apoptosis via the caspase-8 dependent pathway in human cancer cells (28). Through enhancing the cytotoxic T lymphocytes to secret interleukin-2 and interferon-␥, andrographolide inhibits the tumor growth in BALB/c mice (29). Although these studies reveal the potential of andrographolide in cancer therapy, no reports have described the inhibitory effect of andrographolide on v-Src oncogenicity.…”

Immunomodulatory activity of andrographolide on macrophage activation and specific antibody response

“…Andrographolide was reported to have immunoregulatory activities. In tumor-bearing mice it enhanced natural killer cell activity [7] , increased secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ by T cells and thereby inhibited the tumor growth [8] . In autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice it interfered with maturation of dendritic cells [9] , induced antigen-specific tolerance and thus prevented detrimental autoimmune responses [10] .…”

Phytochemical profile of stem bark extracts of Khaya senegalensis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

“…Traditional herbs as healers of diseases are important especially to local communities since they are easily accessible, easy to assemble and affordable to the people (Kumar et al, 2009). Various diseases including cancer and Alzheimer's disease had been reported to be treated with active compounds from plants (Kumar et al, 2009;Sheeja and Kuttan, 2007). Researches on phytochemical analyses of plant extracts in most cases correlate the chemical constituents of the plants with their pharmacological activity (Prachayasittikul et al, 2008;Costa et al, 2008;Al-Bayati and Al-Mola, 2008;Chen et al, 2008;Pesewu et al, 2008;Turker and Usta, 2008;Nyamai et al, 2016).…”