Activation of Nano Kaolin Clay for Bio-Glycerol Conversion to a Valuable Fuel Additive

Zahid, Imtisal; Ayoub, Muhammad; Abdullah, Bawadi; Nazir, Muhammad Hamza; Zulqarnain,; Ameen, Mariam; Sher, Farooq

doi:10.3390/su13052631

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Numerous major Gly transformation pathways have been reported in the literature involving hydrogenolysis [16], etherification [17], esterification [18], acetalization [19], ketalization [11], and others [2,3,8]. Each reaction can be catalyzed by green catalysts derived from different waste sources, such as palm kernel shell [20], carbonaceous [21], eggshell [22], peanut shell [23], and Gly itself [24].…”

Section: Glycerol Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol and Catalysis by Waste/Low-Cost Materials—A Review

et al. 2022

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The growing global demand for renewable energy sources can be reached using biofuels such as biodiesel, for example. The most used route to produce biodiesel is the transesterification reaction of oils or fats with short-chain alcohols, generating fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and a very important by-product, glycerol (Gly). Gly is widely used in different sectors of the industry, and in order to add value to this by-product, heterogeneous catalysis becomes a relevant tool, whether to transform glycerol into other chemical products of interest or even use it in the production of catalysts. Among the several studies found in the literature, the use of low-cost materials and/or wastes from the most diverse activities to prepare active catalytic materials for the transformation of Gly has been increasingly reported due to its valuable advantages, especially related to the cost of raw materials and environmental aspects. Thus, this brief review article presents the relationship between catalysis, low-cost materials, waste, and glycerol, through different studies that show glycerol being transformed through reactions catalyzed by materials produced from low-cost sources/waste or with the glycerol itself used as a catalyst.

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Section: Glycerol Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycerol and Catalysis by Waste/Low-Cost Materials—A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Plastic materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, Teflon, and Nylon can be used to produce waste plastic oil. Plastic bags, empty bottles, ropes, and other waste plastics thrown in the sea and rivers cause damage to marine lives . Therefore, the use of waste plastics to produce oil helps to overcome the energy crisis as well as contributes to the decrease of environmental pollution …”

Section: Biodiesel Comparison With Other Potential Waste Oilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plastic bags, empty bottles, ropes, and other waste plastics thrown in the sea and rivers cause damage to marine lives. 18 Therefore, the use of waste plastics to produce oil helps to overcome the energy crisis as well as contributes to the decrease of environmental pollution. 19 Table 3 shows the physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel and waste plastic oil.…”

Section: Biodiesel Comparison With Other Potential Waste Oilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Implementation of the Biodiesel Program in Pakistan

et al. 2021

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The energy demand of the world is skyrocketing due to the exponential economic growth and population expansion. To meet the energy requirement, the use of fossil fuels is not a good decision, causing environmental pollution such as CO2 emissions. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources like biofuels can meet the energy crisis especially for countries facing oil shortages such as Pakistan. This review describes the comparative study of biodiesel synthesis for various edible oils, non-edible oils, and wastes such as waste plastic oil, biomass pyrolysis oil, and tyre pyrolysis oil in terms of their oil content and extraction, cetane number, and energy content. The present study also described the importance of biodiesel synthesis via catalytic transesterification and its implementation in Pakistan. Pakistan is importing an extensive quantity of cooking oil that is used in the food processing industries, and as a result, a huge quantity of waste cooking oil (WCO) is generated. The potential waste oils for biodiesel synthesis are chicken fat, dairy scum, WCO, and tallow oil that can be used as potential substrates of biodiesel. The implementation of a biodiesel program as a replacement of conventional diesel will help to minimize the oil imports and uplift the country’s economy. Biodiesel production via homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification is more feasible among all transesterification processes due to a lesser energy requirement and low cost. Therefore, biodiesel synthesis and implementation could minimize the imports of diesel by significantly contributing to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Although, waste oil can meet the energy needs, more available cultivation land should be used for substrate cultivation. In addition, research is still needed to explore innovative solvents and catalysts so that overall biodiesel production cost can be minimized. This would result in successful biodiesel implementation in Pakistan.

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“…Additionally, clay can be used as an additive for green processing technology and sustainable development, such as medical materials and treatment, agriculture, building materials, adsorbents of organic pollutants in soil, water, and air, etc. [5][6][7][8][9][10]. For engineers, clays are characterized by high compressibility, low shear strength, and high sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiclassification Prediction of Clay Sensitivity Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Based on Imbalanced Dataset

Zhu

2022

Applied Sciences

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Predicting clay sensitivity is important to geotechnical engineering design related to clay. Classification charts and field tests have been used to predict clay sensitivity. However, the imbalanced distribution of clay sensitivity is often neglected, and the predictive performance could be more accurate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance that extreme gradient boosting (XGboost) method had in predicting multiclass of clay sensitivity, and the ability that synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) had in addressing imbalanced categories of clay sensitivity. Six clay parameters were used as the input parameters of XGBoost, and SMOTE was used to deal with imbalanced classes. Then, the dataset was divided using the cross-validation (CV) method. Finally, XGBoost, artificial neural network (ANN), and Naive Bayes (NB) were used to classify clay sensitivity. The F1 score, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and area under the ROC curve (AUC) were considered as the performance indicators. The results revealed that XGBoost showed the best performance in the multiclassification prediction of clay sensitivity. The F1 score and mean AUC of XGBoost were 0.72 and 0.89, respectively. SMOTE was useful in addressing imbalanced issues, and XGBoost was an effective and reliable method of classifying clay sensitivity.

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Activation of Nano Kaolin Clay for Bio-Glycerol Conversion to a Valuable Fuel Additive

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Glycerol and Catalysis by Waste/Low-Cost Materials—A Review

Glycerol and Catalysis by Waste/Low-Cost Materials—A Review

Overview of Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Implementation of the Biodiesel Program in Pakistan

Multiclassification Prediction of Clay Sensitivity Using Extreme Gradient Boosting Based on Imbalanced Dataset

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