Overview of Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Implementation of the Biodiesel Program in Pakistan

Zulqarnain,; Yusoff, Mohd Hizami Mohd; Ayoub, Muhammad; Ramzan, Naveed; Nazir, Muhammad Hamza; Zahid, Imtisal; Abbas, Nadir; Elboughdiri, Noureddine; Mirza, Cyrus Raza; Butt, Tayyab Ashfaq

doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c02402

Cited by 39 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…The process starts by esterifying free fatty acids to produce alkyl esters, and then it uses an alkaline catalyst to change triglycerides into alkyl esters 131–133 . It is also possible to minimize the amount of free fatty acid and moisture in non‐edible feedstocks by applying sophisticated biofuels processing techniques, particularly waterless extraction methods like supercritical fluid technology 77,134–136 . According to Kusdiana and Saka, 137 supercritical methanol yielded virtually 100% conversion for feedstocks containing up to 30% free fatty acids, making it a suitable technology for non‐edible sources conversion.…”

Section: Bioenergy Feedstockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viability of non‐edible oilseed plants and agricultural wastes as feedstock for biofuels production: a techno‐economic review from an African perspective

Kichonge

Kivevele

2023

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Given the benefits of biofuels over conventional fuels, there is concern that widespread production of biofuels from edible feedstocks to meet demand will lead to food insecurity and other socioeconomic challenges. Thus, the goal of this research is to look into the techno‐economic potential of non‐edible oilseed plants and agricultural wastes as primary feedstocks for biofuel production in Africa. The inability of biofuel to cope in the fuel market has been demonstrated to be due to the high production costs, which limit profitability because the end price is heavily influenced by that of conventional fuel. However, the high production costs are entirely due not only to components such as feedstock, conversion processes, and infrastructure but also to a lack of techno‐economic assessment (TEA). African biofuel production can be competitively industrialized through the adoption of strong supportive policies and programs. Adoption of these policies and programs is critical for capitalizing on the benefits of non‐edible feedstocks in biofuel production while also boosting rural development through job creation. Techno‐economic assessment of conversion processes and infrastructure is recommended to provide a clear picture of the techno‐economic aspects, serving as a blueprint for the design of biofuel production facilities. Further, TEA has been shown to be a useful tool in the development process of new technologies aimed at lowering overall production costs and making biofuel more affordable. The combination of TEA and enabling policies and programs will increase the price competitiveness of biofuels, allowing them to capture a sizable share of the fuel market.

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Section: Bioenergy Feedstockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viability of non‐edible oilseed plants and agricultural wastes as feedstock for biofuels production: a techno‐economic review from an African perspective

Kichonge

Kivevele

2023

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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“…However, high production cost, complex and expensive infrastructural requirements, the low oxygen content of the fuels, and the production of chemically gasoline-like short-chain molecules are some of the factors limiting the application of the process (Su et al, 2022). (Kesharvani and Dwivedi, 2021;Shaah et al, 2021;Zulqarnain et al, 2021).…”

Section: Techniques For Biodiesel Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of machine learning technologies in biodiesel production process—A review

Awogbemi

Kallon²

2023

Front. Energy Res.

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The search for renewable, affordable, sustainable, and ecologically benign fuels to substitute fossil-based diesel fuels has led to increased traction in the search for biodiesel production and utilization in recent times. Biodiesel, a form of liquid biofuel, has been found to alleviate environmental degradation, enhance engine performance, and reduce emissions of toxic gases in transportation and other internal combustion engines. However, biodiesel production processes have been dogged with various challenges and complexities which have limited its expected progression. The introduction of data-based technologies is one of the remedies aimed at deescalating the challenges associated with biodiesel synthesis. In this study, the application of machine learning (ML) –based technologies including artificial neural network (ANN), response surface methodology (RSM), adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), etc. As tools for the prediction, modeling, and optimization of the biodiesel production process was interrogated based on the outcomes of previous studies in the research domain. Specifically, we review the influence of input variables like alcohol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, residence time, and agitation speed on the biodiesel yield (output variable). The outcome of this investigation shows that the usage of ANN, RSM, ANFIS, and other machine learning technologies raised biodiesel yield to between 84% and 98% while the statistical verification shows that the Pearson correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination are close to 1. Going forward, more targeted and collaborative research is needed to escalate the use of innovative technologies for the entire biodiesel value chain to enhance production efficiency, ensure economic feasibility, and promote sustainability.

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“…Furthermore, the method(s) selected for its harvesting depends on the properties of the microalgae. Oil extraction from microalgae is an important step in preparing the feedstock for biodiesel production [ 20 ]. The extraction can be carried out in two steps: mechanical crushing and solvent extraction.…”

Section: Concept Of Algae Oil As a Source Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel from Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in Developing Countries

Adewuyi

2022

Biology

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Biofuel continues to thrive as an outstanding source of renewable energy for the global community. Several resources have been proposed as sources of feedstocks for biofuel; however, some of these have shortcoming. The use of biomass such as algae as a source of feedstock for biofuel is undoubtedly sustainable and green. Unfortunately, the use of algae oil for biodiesel production is underutilized in developing countries. Therefore, this study focuses on finding a better understanding of the evolving prospects and current challenges facing biodiesel production from algae oil in developing countries. The study revealed that less attention is given to the use of algae oil in biodiesel production due to poor enlightenment on biotechnology, high poverty rates, government policies, business strategies, and poor funding of research. Interestingly, several species of algae that can serve as sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel production have been identified in developing countries. It is evident that algae oil has properties that qualify it for the production of biodiesel with fuel properties that meet both the American Society for Testing and Materials and the European standards for biodiesel.

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Overview of Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production and Implementation of the Biodiesel Program in Pakistan

Cited by 39 publications

References 138 publications

Viability of non‐edible oilseed plants and agricultural wastes as feedstock for biofuels production: a techno‐economic review from an African perspective

Viability of non‐edible oilseed plants and agricultural wastes as feedstock for biofuels production: a techno‐economic review from an African perspective

Application of machine learning technologies in biodiesel production process—A review

Production of Biodiesel from Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in Developing Countries

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