The increase in the synthesis of biodiesel has also contributed to a surplus of crude glycerol, which is a significant bottleneck throughout the supply chain of biodiesel and has produced new problems for its sustainable usage. While there is a broad variety of possible uses of crude glycerol, it is restricted by its purity level, affecting its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In this Review, we look at optimization of the biodiesel production process and significant rise in the use of glycerol. The conversion of impure glycerol into pure glycerol and potential application of glycerol in value-added products are emerging topics. The acetalization of glycerol with acetone in the presence of various heterogeneous catalysts and production of solketala valuable green productare discussed. The research studies described herein mainly focus on innovative and emerging technology for sustainable solketal production, as well as the impact of reaction parameters, removal of water, and catalytic activity in both batch and continuous processes. Globally, the potential prospects for the world market should be determined by the availability and demand for glycerol for use in new industries. This paper illustrates the present scenario for the development of glycerol from the biodiesel sector, the world demand, and future emerging markets for glycerol as a commodity chemical.

The palm biodiesel industry is facing many challenges implementing biodiesel program in Malaysia. This paper addresses the importance of the B10 blend (10% biodiesel, 90% petroleum diesel), global challenges of palm oil import and export, and protective measures for continuous positive growth of the palm oil sector. Palm oil is the backbone of Malaysia’s economy, covering more than 5% of its gross domestic product (GDP). The key steps taken by the Malaysian government for the successful implementation of the B10 program are discussed in this review study. Till now, B5 and B7 biodiesel programs have been successfully implemented in Malaysia. The B10 biodiesel program is attractive because of the developed local palm oil sector. The B10 biodiesel program will increase the use of renewable energy sources, and is expected to increase the productivity of palm oil and biodiesel implementation in the country. Despite successful B5 and B7 programs, Malaysia is facing challenges for the implementation of biodiesel due to fluctuation in crude palm oil prices, low domestic usage of palm oil, and vehicle warranty. The improvement of palm oil and promotion of B10 through targeted agencies in the central region of Malaysia will help to implement the biodiesel program successfully.

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Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

High production of biodiesel results in a surplus of glycerol as a byproduct that leads to a drastic decline in the glycerol price as well as overall biodiesel production. Alternative methods must be introduced for the economical process for biodiesel production via utilization of crude glycerol into valuable chemicals or fuel additives. This study introduces an ecofriendly process of solketal synthesis from glycerol and acetone in the presence of a novel metakaolin clay catalyst, which is a useful additive in biodiesel or gasoline, in order to enhance the octane number and to control the emissions. Moreover, kaolin clay catalysts are low cost, abundantly available, eco-friendly and one of the more promising applications for solketal synthesis. In this study, raw kaolin clay was activated with an easy acid activation technique, modification in physicochemical and textural properties were determined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. Among all acid-treated catalysts, metakaolin K3 have shown best catalytic properties, high surface area and pore size after acid activation with 3.0 mol/dm3 at 98 °C for 3 h. Acetalization of glycerol with acetone carried out in the presence of an environmentally friendly and inexpensive novel metakaolin K3 catalyst. The maximum yield of solketal obtained was 84% at a temperature of 50 °C, acetone/glycerol molar ratio 6/1 and for 90 min with novel metakaolin clay catalyst. Effect of various parameters (time, temperature, acetone/glycerol molar ratio, catalyst loading) on the solketal yield and glycerol conversion was discussed in detail. This approach offers an effective way to transform glycerol into solketal—a desirable green chemical with future industrial applications.