Active Targeting Towards and Inside the Brain based on Nanoparticles: A Review

Abstract

Background: Treatment of neurological diseases using systemic and non-surgical techniques presents a significant challenge in medicine. This challenge is chiefly associated with the condensation and coherence of the brain tissue. Methods: The coherence structure of the brain is due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which consists of a continuous layer of capillary endothelial cells. The BBB prevents most drugs from entering the brain tissue and is highly selective, permitting only metabolic substances and nutrients to pass through. Results: Although this challenge has caused difficulties for the treatment of neurological diseases, it has opened up a broad research area in the field of drug delivery. Through the utilization of nanoparticles (NPs), nanotechnology can provide the ideal condition for passing through the BBB. Conclusion: NPs with suitable dimensions and optimum hydrophobicity and charge, as well as appropriate functionalization, can accumulate in the brain. Furthermore, NPs can facilitate the targeted delivery of therapeutics into the brain areas involved in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, glioma, migraine, and other neurological disorders. This review describes these methods of actively targeting specific areas of the brain.

The cell-permeable mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor Ru265 preserves cortical neuron respiration after lethal oxygen glucose deprivation and reduces hypoxic/ischemic brain injury

“…For instance, local injection of nanoparticles loaded with Ru265 and decorated with proteins that target hypoxic neurons in the middle cerebral artery immediately after thrombolytic therapy could conceivably mitigate the pro-convulsant and enhance the neuroprotective effects of Ru265. 39…”

Pathophysiological aspects of transferrin-A potential nano-based drug delivery signaling molecule in therapeutic target for varied diseases

“…Nanocarriers generally exhibit good universality, with advantages such as high surface area, excellent biocompatibility, and ease of modification and encapsulation ( Riccardi et al, 2021 ). The same nanocarrier can carry drugs of different properties by introducing them onto the surface or inside the nanocarrier through encapsulation, covalent binding, or physical adsorption ( Rabiei et al, 2020 ). Therefore, by rationally designing nanocarriers, it is possible to overcome various shortcomings associated with direct drug administration, such as low brain penetration efficiency, poor targeting, high biological toxicity, and large drug doses ( Teleanu et al, 2019 ).…”

Next-Generation Anti-Angiogenic Therapies as a Future Prospect for Glioma Immunotherapy; From Bench to Bedside

“…Up to present numerous multidisciplinary nanoplexes are being tested in preclinical grades which could serve as potential clinical-grade next-generation anti-angiogenic therapeutics for GBM (88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98). Future work will shed light to the clinical applicability of active targeting using RMT to overcome the BBB hurdle for GBM drug delivery (99)(100)(101)(102)(103).…”