“…Piezoelectric transducers, with a unique piezoelectric effect that can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, have been actively investigated to achieve various application purposes, for instance, active vibration control (Abdeljaber et al, 2016; Gao et al, 2013; Sethi and Song, 2005; Sohn et al, 2009), vibration energy harvesting (Anton and Sodano, 2007; Erturk and Inman, 2011; Ewere and Wang, 2014; Harne and Wang, 2013; Tang et al, 2010, 2014; Wang et al, 2015b; Zhang et al, 2016, 2017), structural health monitoring (Habib et al, 2013; Kong et al, 2017; Park et al, 2003; Song et al, 2008; Zou et al, 2015), voltage transforming (Chen et al, 2009; Yang, 2007), and sound waves emitting and receiving (Asadnia et al, 2013; Liu et al, 2010; Martins et al, 2012). In recent years, piezoelectric underwater sound and ultrasonic transducers are attracting more and more attention.…”