Activity of Smooth Pursuit-Related Neurons in the Monkey Periarcuate Cortex During Pursuit and Passive Whole-Body Rotation

Fukushima, Kunihiro; Sato, Toshikazu; Fukushima, Junko; Shinmei, Yasuhiro; Kaneko, Chris R. S.

doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.563

Cited by 100 publications

(222 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, the majority of tested neurons in both groups (28/43=~65%) responded to chair rotation in complete darkness without a target, suggesting the vestibular origin of their responses (Fukushima et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Our experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Hokkaido University School of Medicine. The general methods for animal preparation, training, vestibular stimulation, recording, and data analysis were described in detail previously (Fukushima et al 2000(Fukushima et al , 2001aAkao et al 2005). Briefly, each monkey was sedated with ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, i.m.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inter-aural midpoint of the animals' heads was positioned close to the axis of horizontal rotation. The target was a laser spot that was back-projected onto the tangent screen 75 cm in front of the animals' eyes (monkey C, Fukushima et al 2000Fukushima et al , 2002a and a 22-inch computer display (Sony) positioned 60 cm in front of the animals' eyes (monkeys SI and SH; e.g., Kasahara et al 2006). Once pursuit-responsive single neurons were encountered, smooth pursuit responses were tested in 4 planes (vertical, horizontal and two oblique planes at 45° angles) to determine the preferred direction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The caudal part of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in the fundus of the arcuate sulcus contains many smooth-pursuit related neurons (pursuit neurons) (e.g., MacAvoy et al 1991;Gottlieb et al 1993Gottlieb et al , 1994Tanaka and Fukushima 1998). Using sinusoidal whole body rotation in the presence of a pursuit target, previous studies in our laboratory have shown that virtually all FEF pursuit neurons tested responded to vestibular stimulation (Fukushima et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors, using the laminar field potential analysis, suggested that vestibular-evoked potentials in the caudal FEF were directly conveyed to the cortex through the thalamus (Ebata et al 2004). In the caudal FEF of alert monkeys, vestibular-related discharge modulation is observed not only in pursuit neurons but also in neurons that are not related to pursuit eye movements (Fukushima et al 2000). In this study we examined latencies of vestibular responses of identified pursuit neurons in the caudal FEF to whole body, step-rotation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latency of vestibular responses of pursuit neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields to whole body rotation

et al. 2006

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latency of vestibular responses of pursuit neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields to whole body rotation

et al. 2006

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Cortical and thalamic projections to cytoarchitectural areas 6Va and 8C of the marmoset monkey: Connectionally distinct subdivisions of the lateral premotor cortex

Burman

Bakola

Richardson

et al. 2015

J of Comparative Neurology

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We studied the afferent connections of two cytoarchitectural subdivisions of the caudolateral frontal cortex, areas 6Va and 8C, in marmoset monkeys. These areas received connections from the same set of thalamic nuclei, including main inputs from the ventral lateral and ventral anterior complexes, but differed in their patterns of corticocortical connections. Areas 8C and 6Va had reciprocal interconnections, and received similar proportions of afferents from premotor areas 6M and 6DC, and from the prefrontal cortex. However, area 8C received stronger inputs from frontal areas that have been implicated in oculomotor functions, whereas area 6Va received stronger projections from the primary motor area. Somatosensory projections to area 6Va were generally stronger than those to area 8C, and originated from several areas; in contrast, only the second somatosensory area (S2) sent major inputs to area 8C. Finally, although both 6Va and 8C received major inputs from the rostral posterior parietal cortex (putative homologs of areas PE, PF, and PFG), area 8C also received a variety of smaller connections from posterior midline, caudal posterior parietal, and extrastriate areas. Statistical analyses revealed that the pattern of connections of area 8C is more akin to that characterizing a premotor area, rather than a prefrontal area. We conclude that cytoarchitectural area 6Va in the marmoset is similar to ventral premotor areas identified in other simian primates, and that area 8C corresponds to a specialized subdivision of the caudal premotor complex where visual information for the guidance of movements is likely to be emphasized.

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Predictive responses of periarcuate pursuit neurons to visual target motion

et al. 2002

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The smooth pursuit eye movement system uses retinal information about the image-slip-velocity of the target in order to match the eye-velocity-in-space (i.e., gaze-velocity) to the actual target velocity. To maintain the target image on the fovea during smooth gaze tracking, and to compensate for the long delays involved in processing visual motion information and/or eye velocity commands, the pursuit system must use prediction. We have shown recently that both retinal image-slip-velocity and gaze-velocity signals are coded in the discharge of single pursuit-related neurons in the simian periarcuate cortex. To understand how periarcuate pursuit neurons are involved in predictive smooth pursuit, we examined the discharge characteristics of these neurons in trained Japanese macaques. When a stationary target abruptly moved sinusoidally along the preferred direction at 0.5 Hz, the response delays of pursuit cells seen at the onset of target motion were compensated in succeeding cycles. The monkeys were also required to continue smooth pursuit of a sinusoidally moving target while it was blanked for about half of a cycle at 0.5 Hz. This blanking was applied before cell activity normally increased and before the target changed direction. Normalized mean gain of the cells' responses (re control value without blanking) decreased to 0.81(+/-0.67 SD), whereas normalized mean gain of the eye movement (eye gain) decreased to 0.65 (+/-0.16 SD). A majority (75%) of pursuit neurons discharged appropriately up to 500 ms after target blanking even though eye velocity decreased sharply, suggesting a dissociation of the activity of those pursuit neurons and eye velocity. To examine whether pursuit cell responses contain a predictive component that anticipates visual input, the monkeys were required to fixate a stationary target while a second test laser spot was moved sinusoidally. A majority (68%) of pursuit cells tested responded to the second target motion. When the second spot moved abruptly along the preferred direction, the response delays clearly seen at the onset of sinusoidal target motion were compensated in succeeding cycles. Blanking (400-600 ms) was also applied during sinusoidal motion at 1 Hz before the test spot changed its direction and before pursuit neurons normally increased their activity. Preferred directions were similar to those calculated for target motion (normalized mean gain=0.72). Similar responses were also evoked even if the second spot was flashed as it moved. Since the monkeys fixated the stationary spot well, such flashed stimuli should not induce significant retinal slip. These results taken together suggest that the prediction-related activity of periarcuate pursuit neurons contains extracted visual components that reflect direction and speed of the reconstructed target image, signals sufficient for estimating target motion. We suggest that many periarcuate pursuit neurons convey this information to generate appropriate smooth pursuit eye movements.

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Activity of Smooth Pursuit-Related Neurons in the Monkey Periarcuate Cortex During Pursuit and Passive Whole-Body Rotation

Cited by 100 publications

References 53 publications

Latency of vestibular responses of pursuit neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields to whole body rotation

Latency of vestibular responses of pursuit neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields to whole body rotation

Cortical and thalamic projections to cytoarchitectural areas 6Va and 8C of the marmoset monkey: Connectionally distinct subdivisions of the lateral premotor cortex

Predictive responses of periarcuate pursuit neurons to visual target motion

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