Acute and chronic stress-induced oxidative gastrointestinal mucosal injury in rats and protection by bismuth subsalicylate

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathogenesis of stress-induced gastrointestinal mucosal injury. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of acute and chronic stress on the enhanced production of ROS including superoxide anion [SA; as determined by cytochromec reduction (CCR)] and hydroxyl radicals (OH), and correlated the enhanced production of these free radicals with increased lipid peroxidation, membrane microviscosity and DNA fragmentation, indices of oxidative tissue damage, in the gastric and intestinal mucosa of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, the protective ability of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) against the gastrointestinal mucosal injury induced by acute and chronic stress was determined. Acute stress was induced for a period of 90 min, while chronic stress was induced for 15 min/day for 15 consecutive days. Half of the animals exposed to acute stress were pretreated orally with 15 mg BSSlkg 30 min prior to the exposure to acute stress. Similarly, half of the animals exposed to water-immersion restraint chronic stress were pretreated orally with 7.5 mg BSSlkg/day for 15 consecutive days 30 min prior to the exposure to chronic stress. Acute stress produced greater injury to both gastric and intestinal mucosa as compared to chronic stress. Acute stress increased CCR and OH production by 10.0-and 14.3-fold, respectively, in the gastric mucosa, and 10.4-and 17.0-fold, respectively, in the intestinal mucosa. Pretreatment with BSS prevented the acute stress-induced increase in CCR and OH production. Acute stress increased lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and membrane microviscosity by 3.6-, 4.0-and 11.6-fold, respectively, in gastric mucosa, and 4.1-,5.0-and 16.2-fold, respectively, in intestinal mucosa. BSS decreased acute stress-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and membrane microviscosity by approximately 26, 35 and 30%, respectively, in gastric mucosa, and by 20, 36 and 30%, respectively, in the intestinal mucosa. Chronic stress increased CCR and OH production by 4.8-and 6.3-fold, respectively, in gastric mucosa, and 4.6-and 6.9-fold, respectively, in intestinal mucosa. Chronic stress increased lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation by 2.9-and 3.3-fold, respectively, in gastric mucosa, and 3.3-and 4.2-fold, respectively, in intestinal mucosa. BSS decreased chronic stress-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and membrane microviscosity by approximately 41, 44 and 45%, respectively, in gastric mucosa, and by 39, 52 and 51 %, respectively, in the intestinal mucosa. Daily administration of BSS provided greater protection against chronic stress-induced oxidative gastrointestinal injury as compared to the acute stress. These results demonstrate that both acute and chronic stress can induce gastrointestinal mucosal injury through enhanced production of ROS, and that BSS can significantly protect against gastrointestinal mucosal injury.

The Effects of Dietary Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Oil Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Traits and Some Blood Parameters of Japanese Quail Under Heat Stressed Condition

“…JANG et al [21] showed that a supplementation of a blend of commercial essential oils [14,15] . Previous studies reported that dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin C, E, flavonoids, and phenolic can reduce oxidative damage in animals which is generated by different stress sources [22,23] . Jamroz and Kamel [24] who observed improvements of 7.7% in feed conversation ratio fed a diet supplemented with a plant extract containing capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol in broilers.…”

Underlying inflammation has no impact on the oxidative stress response to acute mental stress

“…Previous studies have indicated an increase (Bagchi et al, 1999;Sivonova et al, 2004), decrease (Atanackovic et al, 2002;Yamaguchia et al, 2002) and no change (Huang et al, 2010) in indices of oxidative stress (i.e. plasma markers and ROS levels) in response to acute mental stress and during periods of lifestyle stress.…”

“…In addition, stressful situations (i.e. exam periods (Sivonova et al, 2004) and public speaking (Yamaguchia et al, 2002)) and study model (human (Atanackovic et al, 2002) and animal (Bagchi et al, 1999) models) have varied significantly between studies, making it hard to draw valid and robust conclusions. To our knowledge, this was the first study utilising well standardized laboratory models of both acute inflammation and mental stress to test the sole influence of baseline inflammation on the oxidative stress responses to mental stress in humans.…”

“…The few studies that have investigated the links between oxidative stress and acute mental stress have primarily been in either animals (Bagchi et al, 1999;Madrigal et al, 2001) or observational studies in humans (Lesgards et al, 2002;Sivonova et al, 2004). For example, medical students undergoing a stressful examination period demonstrated increased DNA and lipid oxidation, as well as a deceased antioxidant capacity when compared to a non-stressful period of their life (Sivonova et al, 2004).…”

Physiology, cell dynamics of small intestinal mucosa, and performance of broiler chickens under heat stress: a review

“…Bagchi et al (1999) reported that acute and chronic stress exposure increases mucosal lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c reduction, and hydroxyl radical production in rat intestinal mucosa. Such results indicate that oxygen free radicals, including superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, are involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic stress-induced gastrointestinal injury, and can result in lipid peroxidation.…”