Acute Inhalation Toxicity of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice

Creasia, Donald A.; Thurman, J D; Jones, L. J.; Nealley, Mark; York, C.G.; Wannemacher, Robert W.; Bunner, David L.

doi:10.1093/toxsci/8.2.230

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In studies of the acute inhalation toxicity of T-2 toxin in mice, Creasia et al (58) demonstrated that T-2 toxin, when given by inhalation, was at least 10 times more toxic than systemic administration and at least 20 times more toxic than dermal administration.…”

Section: Effects Of Mycotoxins On Alveolar Macrophages and Immune Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Sorenson

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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Fungi have long been known to affect human well being in various ways, including disease of essential crop plants, decay of stored foods with possible concomitant production of mycotoxins, superficial and systemic infection of human tissues, and disease associated with immune stimulation such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis and toxic pneumonitis. The spores of a large number of important fungi are less than 5 microm aerodynamic diameter, and therefore are able to enter the lungs. They also may contain significant amounts of mycotoxins. Diseases associated with inhalation of fungal spores include toxic pneumonitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, tremors, chronic fatigue syndrome, kidney failure, and cancer.

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Section: Effects Of Mycotoxins On Alveolar Macrophages and Immune Funmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Sorenson

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The exposure route, typically inhalation in a moldy house, has also a significant role in the magnitude of the responses. In experimental studies, exposure via inhalation caused much more severe symptoms in animals when compared with exposure via systemic administration (Creasia et al 1987(Creasia et al , 1990.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic interaction in simultaneous exposure to Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum.

Huttunen¹,

Pelkonen²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2004

Environ Health Perspect

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The microbial exposure associated with health complaints in moldy houses consists of a heterogeneous group of components, including both living and dead bacteria, fungi, and their metabolites and active compounds. However, little is known about the interactions between different microbes and their metabolites, although the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of certain individual microbes have been reported. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of mouse RAW264.7 macrophages after exposure to six indoor air microbes (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium terrae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens) alone and together with the actinomycete Streptomyces californicus. The production of nitric oxide, levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cytotoxicity were measured. The coexposure to Sta. chartarum and Str. californicus caused a synergistic increase in the production of IL-6 but not other cytokines. In further experiments, the metabolites from Sta. chartarum or from closely related fungi (atranones B and E, satratoxin G, trichodermin, 7-α-hydroxytrichodermol, staplabin, and SMTP-7) and the known fungal toxins sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and ochratoxin A were each tested with Str. californicus. The testing revealed a synergistic response in TNF-α and IL-6 production after coexposure to Str. californicus with both trichodermin and 7-α-hydroxytrichodermol. Finally, the synergistic inflammatory response caused by Str. californicus and trichodermin together was studied by analyzing for the presence of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in nuclear extracts of the exposed cells. The exposure to Str. californicus induced the binding of NF-κB proteins to the NF-κB consensus sequence as well as to the natural NF-κB site of the IL-6 promoter. Adding trichodermin to the exposure did not increase the DNA binding.

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“…This suggests that the respiratory tract may be a target organ for inhaled T-2 mycotoxin. (Creasia et al 1986), we reported that inhalation of an eLhanol/T-2 aerosol was 20 to 40 times more toxic to mice than systemic or dermal administration of T-2. There was concern, however, that the aerosolized ethanol vehicle might alter absorption of inhaled T-2 from the respiratory tract.…”

Section: T-2 Mycotoxinmentioning

confidence: 98%

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of a Saline Suspension of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice

Creasia¹,

Nealley²,

Jones³

et al. 1986

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L13 Aimy . T-2 mycotoxinIn a previous paper, ve reported that inhalation of an ethanol/T-2 aerosol was 20 to 40 times sore toxic to mice than systemic or dersal administration of T-2. There vat concern~, however, that the aerosolized ethanol vehicle might alter absorption of inhaled T-2 from the respiratory tract. In order to eliminate this question. we exposed mice to aerosols of T-2 in saline. We found that the LC 5 0 for mice after a 10-mmn aerosol exposure to T-2 In saline was 0.04 t 0.008 mg 1-2/liter of air. lower than the LC 5 0 (0.080 tO.02 ag 1-2/liter) for an aeroj Lsol of T-2 in ethanol. We also found that, for any comparable total body 04aaMY CLMU n1CA""~ of T*18 0i% 74=u barn ±-~-

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Acute Inhalation Toxicity of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Fungal spores: hazardous to health?

Synergistic interaction in simultaneous exposure to Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum.

Acute Inhalation Toxicity of a Saline Suspension of T-2 Mycotoxin in Mice

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