Acute-phase response and its biomarkers in acute and chronic urticaria

Abstract

IntroductionSince urticaria is a persisting inflammatory disease it is important to establish the prognostic factors for the duration and severity of the disease.AimTo evaluate serum concentrations of selected acute-phase proteins (APP) in patients with various forms of urticaria as compared to healthy volunteers and also to analyze these concentrations in different types of urticaria. Additionally, to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of selected APP and disease activity.Material and methodsSerum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), α1-antitrypsin (AT), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), α2-macroglobulin (α2M) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured. Quantitative measurement was conducted using the rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Disease activity was assessed with the use of total symptom score.ResultsAnalysis of serum APP concentrations revealed statistically higher serum concentrations of CRP, AGP and ACT in the entire group of patients with urticaria in comparison with the control group. In the entire group of patients with urticaria, CRP, AGP, ACT, Cp and Hp correlated positively with disease activity, intensity of pruritus and the number and size of urticarial wheals. Statistically lower serum concentrations of CRP, ACT, Cp and Hp were detected in the group of patients with acute urticaria (AU) and angioedema together, compared to the patients suffering from AU only.ConclusionsPatients with symptoms of various forms of urticaria present a distinct profile of serum APP concentrations. A significant correlation observed between CRP, AGP, ACT, Cp, Hp and clinical activity score points to the potential role of APP as markers of the urticarial activity.

Assessment of selected interleukins (IL-6, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-23) and chemokines (RANTES, IP-10) in children with acute and chronic urticaria

“…In our study, similar to previous reports, we noted higher IL-6 levels in AU [5] and CU [6] patients. This increase was previously found in patients with antihistamineresistant urticaria [9] and in severe CU compared to patients with mild CU [16]. We did not confirm the correlation of IL-6 levels with disease activity; however, this correlation has been documented in previous work [16][17][18].…”

“…At the same time material was collected for laboratory determinations. The activity of urticaria was evaluated according to the TSS (Total Symptom Score) [ 16 ] which is defined as the sum of the scores for the number and size of wheals and severity of pruritus. The maximum diameter of the largest wheal was assessed according to the following scheme: 0 = 0, 1 = diameter ≤ 1.5 cm, 2 = diameter > 1.5 cm and ≤ 2.5 cm, 3 = diameter > 2.5 cm.…”

Impact of Injury Severity on the Inflammatory State and Severe Anemia

“…Yet, bone marrow expression of TfR-1 was decreased following severe trauma, representing the rate-limiting component of iron uptake by erythroid progenitors. 27,35 Loftus et al 27 postulated that for iron homeostasis and normal erythropoiesis, iron bioavailability must be accompanied by iron uptake in erythroid progenitors, which is facilitated by transferrin and its receptor via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Our findings in this study are consistent with the iron homeostasis process following trauma being interrupted both by decreased iron bioavailability due to an increase in hepcidin concentration as well as a decrease in transferrin receptor expression preventing iron uptake by the erythroid progenitors.…”

Effects of Desloratadine Citrate Disodium on Serum Immune Function Indices, Inflammatory Factors and Chemokines in Patients with Chronic Urticaria

“…18 Previous studies showed that IL-4 was highly expressed in serum of spontaneous urticaria patients. 19 IL-17 and IL-33 are newly discovered members of the IL-1 family. They can regulate immune responses, positively feedback to Th2 cells, and accelerate the activation of Th2 cells and the release of related cytokines.…”