Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Toxicology

Auletta, Carol

doi:10.1201/9781420042078.ch2

Cited by 30 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The degree of dermal irritation of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva was determined in guinea pigs using the occluded dermal irritation test method [23]. Twelve guinea pigs (six males and six females) were used and each animal served as its own control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)

Njateng

Gatsing

Mouokeu

et al. 2013

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundDuring the last decades, the number of people suffering from dermatophytoses has seriously increased, mainly due to the development of resistant strains of microorganisms to a range of formally efficient antibiotics. Polyscias fulva, a medium size tree which grows in the West Region of Cameroon is traditionally used for local application against dermatoses and orally against venereal infections. The dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva was evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities.MethodsThe plant extract was prepared by maceration of its stem bark powder in CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1 v/v). The extract obtained was successively partitioned in hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard methods. In vitro antidermatophytic activity was assayed by the well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The degree of dermal irritation of the crude extract was determined in guinea pigs using the occluded dermal irritation test method. The in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the extract-oil formulation (1.25, 2.5 and 5% w/w concentrations) was evaluated using Trichophyton mentagrophytes-induced dermatophytosis in a guinea pigs model.ResultsPhytochemical screening indicated that, the crude extract, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residue fractions contain in general saponins, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and phenols while the hexane fraction contains only alkaloids. The ethyl-acetate, n-butanol and residue fractions displayed higher antifungal activities (MIC = 0.125-0.5 mg.mL-1) against eight dermatophytes as compared to the crude extract (MIC = 0.5-1 mg.mL-1). This latter appeared to have slight perceptible erythema effects on guinea pigs as the primary irritation index (PII) was calculated to be 0.54. In vivo, the antidermatophytic activities of the extract-oil formulations were dose-dependent. Griseofulvin-oil 5% at 0.01 g/kg and formulated extract-oil (5%) at 0.1 g/kg eradicated the microbial infection after thirteen and fourteen days of daily treatment respectively.ConclusionsThe results of preclinical in vitro and in vivo evaluations indicate that the extract-oil formulation at 5% may constitute an alternative means to alleviate fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)

Njateng

Gatsing

Mouokeu

et al. 2013

BMC Complement Altern Med

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“…On day 4, the belly skin of all animals was inspected for dermal irritation and scored as described above. The mildly irritant concentration on the belly region (4 mg/mL) was chosen to be the dose for induction of the actual test and the highest non-irritant concentration to the ear (5 mg/mL) was chosen to be the challenge dose of the actual sensitization test (Auletta, 1995;Gad, 1995). Where there was diffi culty in determining the right dose for the induction and challenge applications, the whole process of the pretest was repeated with higher doses until the right dose for the actual test was established.…”

Section: Skin Sensitization Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…% Ä after 24 and 48 h reading was separately added for both challenge and re-challenge stages, for the purpose of comparison and analysis. In addition, the percent ear swelling for the test group was also calculated by dividing the total ear swelling measurement results of the left ear of all mice in the group by the same result of the right ear of all mice and multiplying by 100 (Auletta, 1995;Gad, 1995).…”

Section: Skin Sensitization Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract of Plumbago zeylanica used in Ethiopian traditional medicine

Teshome¹,

Gebre‐Mariam²,

Asres³

et al. 2008

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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“…Chronic toxicity study durations of 6 months for rodents and 9 months for non-rodents are accepted internationally (ICH 1997), although some countries require only 6-month studies in non-rodents. Designs are similar to those for subchronic studies, described above, generally with 20 rodents and 4 minipigs per sex per group (Auletta 2002). For a carcinogenicity study, at least 50 rats or mice per sex per group should be treated for 24 months.…”

Section: Repeated Dose/subchronic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current in vivo Assays for Cutaneous Toxicity: Local and Systemic Toxicity Testing

Auletta¹

2004

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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This review provides an update on current (June 2004) in vivo assays for evaluations of local and systemic cutaneous toxicity. As the science of toxicology and safety assessment grows and evolves, an increasing number of in vitro assays and screening procedures designed to minimize the use of animals in cutaneous toxicity evaluations have been validated or are currently in development. However, in some cases, it remains necessary to evaluate the effects of new drugs or chemicals in an animal model in order to protect human health. Current regulatory requirements and study designs for local and systemic in vivo cutaneous toxicity evaluations, as well as discussions of procedures unique to cutaneous toxicity evaluation are presented in this review.

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Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Toxicology

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)

In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae)

Toxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract of Plumbago zeylanica used in Ethiopian traditional medicine

Current in vivo Assays for Cutaneous Toxicity: Local and Systemic Toxicity Testing

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