Acute Toxicity of Ammonia to Fathead Minnows

Thurston, Robert V.; Russo, Rosemarie C.; Phillips, Glenn R.

doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1983)112<705:atoatf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 49 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Ammonia toxicity to the prawn was doubled when dissolved oxygen decreased from 55 to 27% saturation (Wajsbrot et al 1990). Thurston et al (1983), however, found no correlation between oxygen level and ammonia toxicity to fathead minnows Pimephales promelas. Hiroki (1978) demonstrated that hypoxic tolerance in 3 species of marine gastropods (Littorina ziczac, Neritina vorginea and Olivella verreuxii) decreased in the presence of H 2 S. Similarly, Kang et al (1993) showed that H 2 S decreased the hypoxic tolerance of the crab Portunus trituberculatus.…”

Section: Interactions Among Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment

Gray

Wu²,

Or³

2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

848

508

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Eutrophication is one of the most severe and widespread forms of disturbance affecting coastal marine systems. Whilst there are general models of effects on benthos, such as the PearsonRosenberg (P-R) model, the models are descriptive rather than predictive. Here we first review the process of increased organic matter production and the ensuing sedimentation to the seafloor. It is shown that there is no simple relationship between nutrient inputs and the vertical flux of particulate organic matter (POM). In particular, episodic hydrographic events are thought to be the key factor leading to high rates of sedimentation and accompanying hypoxia. We extend an earlier review of effects of hypoxia to include organisms living in the water column. In general, fishes are more sensitive to hypoxia than crustaceans and echinoderms, which in turn are more sensitive than annelids, whilst molluscs are the least sensitive. Growth is affected at oxygen concentrations between 6.0 and 4.5 mg O 2 l -1

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Section: Interactions Among Factorsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment

Gray

Wu²,

Or³

2002

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

848

508

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“…(1983) suggest that a reduction in the level of dissolved oxygen in the water increases the toxicity of ammonia to fish. Less clear cut results were obtained, however, for rainbow trout ( O. mykiss )(Thurston & Russo, 1983) and fathead minnows ( Pimephales promlas Rafinesque)(Thurston et al ., 1983). Respiration by the fish will reduce dissolved oxygen and increase carbon dioxide levels which will decrease the pH value of the water.…”

Section: Osmoregulation and Respirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia in estuaries and effects on fish

Eddy

2005

Journal of Fish Biology

237

147

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This review aims to explore the biological responses of fish in estuaries to increased levels of environmental ammonia. Results from laboratory and field studies on responses of fish to varying salinity and their responses increased ammonia will be evaluated, although studies which examine responses to ammonia, in relation to varying salinity, pH and temperature together are rare. In a survey of British estuaries the continuous measurement of total ammonia showed values that ranged from background levels increasing up to c. 10 mg N l−1 although higher values have been noted sporadically. In outer estuaries pH values tended to stabilize towards sea water values (e.g. c. pH 8). Upper reaches of estuaries are influenced by the quality of their fresh waters sources which can show a wide range of pH and water quality values depending on geological, climatic and pollution conditions. In general the ammonia toxicity (96 h LC50) to marine species (e.g. 0·09–3·35 mg l−1 NH3) appears to be roughly similar to freshwater species (e.g. 0·068–2·0 mg l−1 NH3). Ammonia toxicity is related to differences between species and pH rather than to the comparatively minor influences of salinity and temperature. In the marine environment the toxicity of ionized ammonia should be considered. The water quality standard for freshwater salmonids of 21 μg l−1 NH3–N was considered to be protective for most marine fish and estuarine fish although the influence of cyclical changes in pH, salinity and temperature were not considered. During ammonia exposures, whether chronic or episodic, estuarine fish may be most at risk as larvae or juveniles, at elevated temperatures, if salinity is near the seawater value and if the pH value of the water is decreased. They are also likely to be at risk from ammonia intoxication in waters of low salinity, high pH and high ammonia levels. These conditions are likely to promote ammonia transfer from the environment into the fish, both as ionized and unionized ammonia, as well as promoting ammonia retention by the fish. Fish are more likely to be prone to ammonia toxicity if they are not feeding, are stressed and if they are active and swimming. Episodic or cycling exposures should also be considered in relation to the rate at which the animal is able to accumulate and excrete ammonia and the physiological processes involved in the transfer of ammonia. In the complex environment of an estuary, evaluation of ammonia as a pollutant will involve field and laboratory experiments to determine the responses of fish to ammonia as salinity and temperature vary over a period of time. It will also be necessary to evaluate the responses of a variety of species including estuarine residents and migrants.

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“…In the 96-h LC50 test for grass carp the highest total ammonia nitrogen measured was 0.6 mg/L and the UI never exceeded 0.08 mg/L in any container. We could not find ammonia toxicity values for golden shiners and grass carp but the UI 96-h LC50 values for four other cyprinids-bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, silver carp H. molitrix, common carp Cyprinus carpio, and fathead minnow-were 0.30, 0.38, 0.66, and 1.0-2.5 mg/L, respectively (Thurston et al 1983;Zu et al 1994). The grass carp in our studies were subjected to UI levels that were much lower than the LC50 values reported for the other cyprinids, and the time during which they were exposed to the levels recorded at the end of our treatment period would certainly be much less than 96 h. Obiekezie and Okafor (1995) found that the 24-h LC50 estimate for African sharptooth catfish exposed to praziquantel was 13.4 mg/L; this indicates that praziquantel is about four times more toxic to this clariid than to the cyprinids tested in our study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

The Acute Toxicity of Praziquantel to Grass Carp and Golden Shiners

Mitchell

Hobbs

2007

N American J Aquac

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The acute toxicity and highest nonlethal concentration of praziquantel (LC0) were determined in the laboratory for grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, two cyprinids known to harbor the Asian tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. Praziquantel is an anthelmintic used to treat fish with tapeworms. The 24‐h and 96‐h LC50 values were 55.1 and 49.7 mg/L for golden shiners (1.3 g) and 63.4 and 60.6 mg/L for grass carp (9.1 g). The 24‐h and 96‐h LC0 values were 50.0 and 45.0 mg/L for golden shiners and 60.0 and 60.0 mg/L for grass carp.

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Acute Toxicity of Ammonia to Fathead Minnows

Cited by 49 publications

References 7 publications

Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment

Effects of hypoxia and organic enrichment on the coastal marine environment

Ammonia in estuaries and effects on fish

The Acute Toxicity of Praziquantel to Grass Carp and Golden Shiners

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