Acylphosphine oxides as photoinitiators for acrylate and unsaturated polyester resins

Baxter, Jane E.; Davidson, R. S.; Hageman, Hendrik J.

doi:10.1016/0014-3057(88)90077-8

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It has long been noted that the photoinitiator efficiency varies depending on the formulation (composition with monomers) and a photoinitiator can be more efficient in one system but not in another [ 41 ]. Moreover, the matching of the PIs’ absorption spectrum with emission spectrum of the light source is crucial [ 42 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Radical Bulk-Photopolymerization Process as a Method of Obtaining Thermally Curable Structural Self-Adhesive Tapes and Effect of Used Type I Photoinitiators

2020

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A new fabrication method for thin (120 µm) thermally curable structural self-adhesive tapes (SATs) was demonstrated by utilizing a series of acrylic syrups (ASs) modified using Bisphenol A-based liquid epoxy resin. The acrylic syrups containing poly(butyl acrylate-co-butyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyetyl acrylate-co-4-acryloyloxy benzophenone) were synthesized via free-radical bulk-photopolymerization (FRBP) process. Influence of different type I radical photoinitiators (PIs), i.e., α-hydroxyalkylphenones (HPs), acylphosphine oxides (APOs) and its mixtures (HPs/APOs and APO/APO) on selected physico-chemical features of obtained ASs was studied. It turned out that APO-type PIs are more effective in the FRBP process (NMR studies). Self-adhesive tests of SATs revealed that the monomers’ conversion in ASs have a significant influence on adhesion and tack. Moreover, the polymer structures formed at the UV cross-linking stage of SATs significantly affect the cross-linking degree of SATs during thermal curing (differential scanning calorimetry method). The highest values of overlap shear strength were achieved by SATs based on ASs with monomers’ conversion on the level 50–60%.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Radical Bulk-Photopolymerization Process as a Method of Obtaining Thermally Curable Structural Self-Adhesive Tapes and Effect of Used Type I Photoinitiators

2020

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“…Therefore, the average length of the polymers in this network was suggested to decrease with increasing PhIn concentration. Additionally, according to [61,62], an increase in PhIn content at constant cross-linker concentration will result in a decreased probability of spontaneous collision of the PhIn with the cross-linker and an increase in recombination of the radicals.…”

Section: Impact Of Photo-initiator Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, as described by Baxter et al, a thicker film led to a considerable increase in the amount of heat retained in the film immediately after irradiation. [62] A temperature increase is known to improve the extent of curing. This could be explained by the decreased viscosity upon heating which leads to increased mobility of the growing polymer chains and of the remaining monomer and PhIn radicals, resulting in a higher probability for collision.…”

Section: Screening Of Non-compositional Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

Mooter

Daems

Vankelecom

2019

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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Concerns of energy shortage and pollution, have rapidly increased the demand for efficient separation processes. In this respect, solvent resistant nanofiltration has become an emerging technology with great potential as an energy-efficient and waste-free separation method. Unfortunately, the lack of sufficient stability (especially chemical stability of the support) still restricts the utilization of this separation technique to the more mild industries, leaving several unexploited. As already detailed in part I of this research, one promising approach to increase the chemical stability of supports, used afterwards as starting point for the synthesis of thin film composite nanofiltration membranes, is crosslinking polymeric UF membranes by UV-irradiation. Whereas in the previous part, the 365 nm UV-LED light was selected as the best setup to achieve a high cross-linking efficiency at high throughputs, in this second part the impact of (non-)compositional parameters on the cross-linking efficiency was investigated. The most important parameters with the largest impact on the degree of conversion (DC) were shown to be the cross-linker content, the membrane thickness and the incorporation of a nonwoven support. Finally and more importantly, after curing the membranes did not only show enhanced solvent stabilities (viz. part I), they also exhibited greater physical strength while at the same time maintaining the retention at a similar level as the non-cured membrane clearly indicating their industrial importance.

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“…As the main drawback of this approach, an irreversible consumption of photoinitiators is observed during polymerization so that the polymerization kinetic is highly dependent of the initial amount of photoinitiators introduced within the photocurable resins. Among Type I photoinitiators, 2,2-dimethoxy-2phenylacetophenone (DMPA), [145] acyl phosphine oxides (phenylbis (2,4,6trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO), bis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide (TPO)) [140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154] are among the most widely studied. Parallel to these cleavable photoinitiators, a second category of photoinitiators exists where the light-absorbing compounds can be consumed or not during the polymerization process, depending on the conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances on visible light photoinitiators of polymerization based on Indane-1,3-dione and related derivatives

Dumur

2021

European Polymer Journal

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Photoinitiators that can operate under visible light and low light intensity are actively researched as this last generation of photoinitiators can address different issues raised by the traditional UV photoinitiators. Notably, the safety concern related to the use of UV light, the high energy consumption resulting from the use of UV irradiation setups, the low light penetration of UV light within the photocurable resins are three major concerns that visible light photoinitiators successfully address. Besides, the photoinitiating ability and the polymerization kinetic should remain high in order these new generations of photoinitiators to be capable to replace the traditional UV photoinitiators. Among the different scaffolds examined for the design of efficient visible light photoinitiators, indane-1,3-dione has been identified as a promising scaffold for the design of various structures. By the presence of the activated methylene group standing between the two ketone groups, this electron acceptor is an ideal candidate for the design of push-pull dyes by one of the simplest reactions, namely the Knoevenagel reaction. This group is also a good electron acceptor as the two ketone groups can be advantageously used in the electronic delocalization by mesomerism. If this electron acceptor has been extensively studied for the design of push-pull dyes, its scope of application was not only limited to the design of push-pull dyes and products issued from cyclization reactions, the design of compounds with extended aromaticities, improvement of the electronwithdrawing ability by substitution of the ketone groups by appropriate groups were examined as possible chemical modifications enabling to improve the photoinitiating ability of photoinitiators based on indane-1,3-dione and its related derivatives. In this review, an overview of the different visible light photoinitiators based on indane-1,3-dione and derivatives is provided. To evidence the performance of the different photoinitiators, comparisons with reference compounds will be provided.

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Acylphosphine oxides as photoinitiators for acrylate and unsaturated polyester resins

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Free-Radical Bulk-Photopolymerization Process as a Method of Obtaining Thermally Curable Structural Self-Adhesive Tapes and Effect of Used Type I Photoinitiators

Free-Radical Bulk-Photopolymerization Process as a Method of Obtaining Thermally Curable Structural Self-Adhesive Tapes and Effect of Used Type I Photoinitiators

Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

Recent advances on visible light photoinitiators of polymerization based on Indane-1,3-dione and related derivatives

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