Additive and non‐additive effects of birch genotypic diversity on arthropod herbivory in a long‐term field experiment

Barton, Kasey E.; Валкама, Елена; Vehviläinen, Harri; Ruohomäki, Kai; Knight, Tiffany M.; Koricheva, Julia

doi:10.1111/oik.01663

Cited by 43 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Moreover, in ecological field experiments plants were typically exposed to a wide variety of herbivores and it was therefore unlikely that any given plant genotype would be susceptible or resistant to all individual herbivore species (e.g. Barton et al., ), hence reducing the probability of associational resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis

Koricheva

Hayes

2018

Functional Ecology

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Abstract1. Understanding how plant diversity influences higher trophic levels is important for predicting the consequences of global biodiversity loss. While early studies have focused on the effects of plant species richness, more recently a growing number of experiments have explored the effects of plant intraspecific diversity by manipulating the genotypic richness of plant communities.2. By combining 162 estimates of effect size from 60 experimental studies, we examined the effects of plant genotypic richness on arthropods, one of the most diverse and abundant taxa which play a crucial role in many ecosystem processes and services. We have also compared the effects of plant genetic and species diversity on arthropods when both were manipulated within the same study.3. Species richness and abundance of most trophic groups of arthropods were higher in genetically diverse plant stands. Interestingly, the effects of plant genetic diversity on natural enemies of herbivores were stronger than the effects of plant genetic diversity on herbivores, suggesting that plant genetic diversity effects on predators might be driven by mechanisms independent of herbivores.4. Herbivore and predator abundance increased with plant genetic diversity in studies using wild plants whereas predator abundance was unaffected and herbivore abundance was reduced by crop genetic diversity. Damage by generalist herbivores was reduced by plant genetic diversity whereas damage by specialist herbivores was not affected.5. When the effects of plant genetic and species diversity on arthropods were compared within the same study, the magnitude of plant genetic diversity effects was comparable to that of plant species diversity. 6. Our results suggest that plant genetic diversity has significant effects on the diversity of arthropods across several trophic levels, thus highlighting the importance of maintaining high levels of both plant species and genetic diversity for arthropod conservation. However, the potential of using crop genetic mixtures in agriculture for pest control appears to be limited as even though herbivore abundance was reduced in genetically diverse plots, herbivore damage and predator abundance were not affected by crop genotypic richness. K E Y W O R D Sassociational resistance, biodiversity, community genetics, genetic diversity, herbivory, natural enemies, plant-insect interactions, tritrophic interactionsThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis

Koricheva

Hayes

2018

Functional Ecology

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“…These silver birch genotypes have southern Finnish origin (61–63°N) and have been obtained by micropropagation of vegetative buds of mature trees. They are known to differ in their growth and leaf characteristics as well as in resistance to herbivores and pathogens (Viherä-Aarnio and Velling 2001; Poteri and Saikkonen 2001; Barton et al 2015). The genotypes were planted in monoclonal plots and in different mixtures as follows: two-genotype mixtures (five different combinations), four-genotype mixtures (five different combinations), and eight-genotype mixtures (Online Resource 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting effects of tree species and genetic diversity on the leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch

et al. 2019

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Both species and genetic diversity of plant communities can affect insect herbivores, but a few studies have compared the effects of both diversity levels within the same experimental context. We compared the effects of tree species and genetic diversity on abundance, species richness, and β-diversity of leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch using two long-term forest diversity experiments in Finland where birch trees were planted in monocultures and mixtures of birch genotypes or other trees species. Although both abundance and species richness of leaf miners differed among birch genotypes at the tree level, birch genetic diversity had no significant effect on miner abundance and species richness at the plot level. Instead, birch genetic diversity affected leaf-miner β-diversity with species turnover being higher among trees within genotypic mixtures than among trees within monoclonal plots. In contrast, tree species diversity had a significant negative effect on both leaf-miner abundance and species richness at plot level, but no effect on miner β-diversity. Significant tree species diversity effects on leaf-miner abundance and species richness were found only in plots with high tree density. We have demonstrated that plant species and genetic diversity play important but contrasting roles in structuring associated herbivore communities. Tree species diversity largely affects miner abundance and species richness, whereas tree genetic diversity affects miner β-diversity. These results have important implications for conservation and management of woodlands.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s00442-019-04351-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…; Barton et al . ). In turn, concomitant developmental changes in plant size and storage can influence how herbivory affects plant fitness (Kitajima & Augspurger ; Myers & Kitajima ).…”

Section: Drivers Of Ontogenetic Changes In Plant Defencementioning

confidence: 97%

Future directions in the ontogeny of plant defence: understanding the evolutionary causes and consequences

2017

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Plant defence often varies by orders of magnitude as plants develop from the seedling to juvenile to mature and senescent stages. Ontogenetic trajectories can involve switches among defence traits, leading to complex shifting phenotypes across plant lifetimes. While considerable research has characterised ontogenetic trajectories for now hundreds of plant species, we still lack a clear understanding of the molecular, ecological and evolutionary factors driving these patterns. In this study, we identify several non-mutually exclusive factors that may have led to the evolution of ontogenetic trajectories in plant defence, including developmental constraints, resource allocation costs, multi-functionality of defence traits, and herbivore selection pressure. Evidence from recent physiological studies is highlighted to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation and activation of these developmental changes. Overall, our goal is to promote new research avenues that would provide evidence for the factors that have promoted the evolution of this complex lifetime phenotype. Future research focusing on the questions and approaches identified here will advance the field and shed light on why defence traits shift so dramatically across plant ontogeny, a widespread but poorly understood ecological pattern.

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Additive and non‐additive effects of birch genotypic diversity on arthropod herbivory in a long‐term field experiment

Cited by 43 publications

References 52 publications

The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis

The relative importance of plant intraspecific diversity in structuring arthropod communities: A meta‐analysis

Contrasting effects of tree species and genetic diversity on the leaf-miner communities associated with silver birch

Future directions in the ontogeny of plant defence: understanding the evolutionary causes and consequences

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