Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Secretome and Its Potential Application in “Stem Cell-Free Therapy”

Abstract

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) secrete many cytokines, proteins, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles with beneficial outcomes that can be used in regenerative medicine. It has great potential, and the development of new treatment strategies using the ASCs secretome is of global interest. Besides cytokines, proteins, and growth factors, the therapeutic effect of secretome is hidden in non-coding RNAs such as miR-21, miR-24, and miR-26 carried via exosomes secreted by adequate cells. The whole secretome, including ASC-derived exosomes (ASC-exos) has been proven in many studies to have immunomodulatory, proangiogenic, neurotrophic, and epithelization activity and can potentially be used for neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, respiratory, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases as well as wound healing treatment. Due to limitations in the use of stem cells in cell-based therapy, its secretome with emphasis on exosomes seems to be a reasonable and safer alternative with increased effectiveness and fewer side effects. Moreover, the great advantage of cell-free therapy is the possibility of biobanking the ASCs secretome. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge on the use of the ASCs secretome in stem cell-free therapy.

HATMSC Secreted Factors in the Hydrogel as a Potential Treatment for Chronic Wounds—In Vitro Study

“…The research related to the use of MSCs in the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds has evolved over the years, starting with autologous cell transplants [17], transplantation of cells embedded in hydrogels [18,19], through the delivery of a MSC secretome as a whole [3] or isolated exosomes [20,21]. The latest trends in research on cell-free therapy focus on the use of MSC-produced bioactive factors in combination with hydrogel carriers.…”

Exosomes Secreted from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Are a Potential Treatment Agent for Immune-Mediated Alopecia

“…As important carriers of signaling molecules in intercellular communication, exosomes are being developed as potential therapeutic agents or prognostic biomarkers in multiple disease models [ 12 , 13 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that ADSC-Exos can be used for wound healing, atopic dermatitis, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases [ 14 ]. It has been shown that DP spheroid-derived exosomal miR-218-5p can promote hair regeneration and upregulate the β -catenin signaling pathway [ 15 ].…”

Adipose Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine: Looking Forward

“…ASCs secrete numerous soluble mediators, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic, trophic and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, and interleukins. The paracrine factors secreted by ASCs contribute to tissue repair, wound healing and organ regeneration ( Kapur and Katz, 2013 ; Suga et al, 2014 ; Brini et al, 2017 ; Li et al, 2019 ; Trzyna and Banaś-Ząbczyk, 2021 ). Studies have also shown that ASCs-EVs stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissue similar to the ASCs ( Hu et al, 2016 ; Qiu et al, 2018 ).…”

“…ASCs and ASC-derived extracellular vesicles (ASC-EVs) and ASC conditioned media (ASCs-CM) have been extensively studied and widely used in regenerative medicine. Studies have shown the effectiveness of ASCs and ASCs secretome ( Zuk et al, 2001 ; Giannasi et al, 2020 ; Trzyna and Banaś-Ząbczyk, 2021 ) therapy in numerous diseases such as cardiovascular, bone regeneration, osteoarthritis graft versus host disease (GvHD) and autoimmune disorders such Crohn’s diseases ( Galindo et al, 2017 ), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis ( Maria et al, 2017 ; Al-Ghadban and Bunnell, 2020 ). In addition, researchers have recently been designing new 3D biomaterials by combining ASCs with biomimetic scaffolds composed of either natural or synthetic materials.…”